73 



JEGI'NA. 



JETSA.. 



and between which two columns stand, thus forming what are distin- 

 guished as the prondos and opisth<5domus. The columns of the 

 peristyle on the sides stand nearly as far from the walls as they do 

 from each other; and on the fronts, the space intervening between 

 the outer columns of the portions and posticum (to use the Roman 

 technical terms by which the front and rear-front porticoes are 

 respectively distinguished), and the inner ones and their antse, of the 

 prondos and opisthodomus respectively, is somewhat more than a 

 single intercolumniation. Thus, a kind of gallery was formed on the 

 floor of the peristyle around the body of the temple, and this was 

 raised by three deep steps from a nearly level platform called a 

 perlbolus, in the midst of which the temple stood ; this was partly 

 hewn out of the native rock, and partly constructed, and a low wall 

 or parapet girded it on all sides. The temple fronted east and west, 

 the east being the entrance front, before which the peribolus extended 

 itself more than 100 feet, while on the west it was not more than 50 

 feet wide. The extreme length of the temple in front, measured on 

 the face of the lowest step of the regular stylobate, is 49 feet 10 '2 

 inches, and in flank 100 feet 7 '7 inches ; and on the floor of the peri- 

 style, that is, at the edge of the upper step on which the columns rest, 

 the corresponding dimensions are, 45 feet 2'2 inches, and 96 feet. The 

 columns of the peristyle are a very small fraction less than 3 feet 2'9 

 inches in diameter, and, including their capital, they are 17 feet 9'4 



Front Elevation of the Temple of JEgina, at restored. 



inches in height ; the entablature, without the crowning moulding of 

 the pediments, is rather more than two diameters of a column hi height, 

 and the stylobate is 3 feet 77 inches high, or an eighth more than one 

 diameter. The height of the tympana of the pediments to the soffit 

 of the corona was, aa nearly as it can be determined, one diameter and 

 four-fifths, and that of the pediments to their apices, two diameters 

 and two-sixths ; making the whole height, from the floor of the peri- 

 bolua to the summit of the pediments, 35 feet 8 inches, above which 



Ruin< of the Temple of Mgina. 



the acrote'riuin rose nearly one diameter, or about three feet more. 

 Both the tympana were highly enriched with sculptures. 



The columns of the Panhelldnium are nearly five diameters and a 

 half in height, and they diminish, with an imperceptible Entasis, in 

 the length of the abaft, considerably more than one fourth from 3 

 feet 2'9 inches to 2 feet 4 '6 inches. In the peristyle, and in the 

 pronaos and opisth<idomus, the columns have twenty flutes, while 

 those of the inner hypsethral ranges have only sixteen. 



The architecture of the Panhelle'uium indicates an earlier date than 

 that of the Athenian temples of the age of Pericles ; but it would 

 hardly lead us no far back as the early part of the 6th century before 

 Christ, though it knot all inconsistent with that period. Some writers 



have referred the execution of the sculptures which belonged to the 

 Panhellenium to the latter part of the same century ; but there is 

 nothing in the reasoning by which they come to that conclusion which 

 will not admit of these sculptures being referred to a remoter period. 



The subjoined sketch represents the temple in its present state. It 

 is taken on the west front, looking eastward and northward ; the walls 

 are thrown down, though their site is not obliterated. The two 

 columns in the foreground are all that remain of the west portico, and 

 the two couples which appear within the external peristyle are those 

 of the opisth(5domus and prondos. The Saronic Gulf and the moun- 

 tains of Attica are seen from the site of the temple. 



This sketch, with the foregoing elevation, was furnished by Mr. W. 

 Jenkins, jun., architect, who made the original drawings and actual 

 measurements of the remains on the spot, in October, 1820. 



-EGIUM. [ACHJJA.] 



.-EGYPT. [EGYPT.] 



.K 1. 1 A CAPITOLI'NA, a name given to Jerusalem in the time of 

 the emperor Hadrian, who, finding the Jews very restless and unruly 

 subjects, treated them as revolted people, and took possession of the 

 capital, Jerusalem, from which the Jews were excluded under pain of 

 death. Some Roman colonists were sent to Jerusalem, which received 

 the name of zElia Capitolina ^ .,-Elia, from .<Elius, one of the names of 

 Hadrian ; and Capitolina, from the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 

 which was built on or near the Holy Mount. 



The founding of a new town, and the desecration of the holy places, 

 led probably to the wars in which Barchochebas headed the Jews, and 

 which were as destructive to the nation as their former resistance to 

 Titus. The name of . K 1 i;i Capitolina continued in common use among 

 the Greeks and Romans till the time of the Christian emperors. 

 (Mannert, ' Syrien," p. 216; Schlosser, 'Universal History,' vol. iii. 

 part 1.) Several coins of Hadrian still exist, which refer to the colony 

 established by the emperor. They bear on one side the head of 

 Hadrian, and. on the other a Jupiter seated between two figures, or an 

 eagle perched upon a thunder-bolt, with an inscription, ' COL. AEL. 

 CAP.' (Vaillant's Numitmata.) 



jEO'LIANS, the name of one of those various peoples whom we are 

 accustomed to class under the general appellation of Greeks. We 

 trace the name of ..Eolians to Thessaly, their primitive abode, as far as 

 we know, where they appear to have been closely related to the 

 Phthiotic Actucans of the same country. The Achaii of the Pelopon- 

 nesus (the Acha-i of Homer) were also kinsmen, and in fact part of 

 the ^Eolians ; and the great emigration, commonly called the jEolian, 

 WM an emigration of Achaean people. It seems probable that the 

 emigration from the Peloponnesus commenced before the Dorian 

 invasion, or return of the Heraclidae, as it is often called, which caused 

 so great a revolution in the Peninsula ; but it cannot be doubted that 

 this event, which took place 80 years after the war of Troy, or B.C. 1 1 04, 

 contributed still further to the Achaean or JEoli&n emigration under 

 Penthilus, the son of Orestes, and others of Agamemnon's descendants. 

 Strabo says that the JEo\iua settlements in Asia were four generations 

 prior to those called the Ionian. The .Eolian colonies on the Asiatic 

 mainland were widely spread, extending at least from Cyzicus along 

 th shores of the Hellespont and the JEge&n to the river Caicus, and 

 even the Hermus. Many positions in the interior were also occupied 

 by them, as well as the tine island of Lesbos, with Tenedos, and others 

 of smaller importance. Homer mentions all these parts as possessed 

 by a different people ; which would be a proof, if any were wanting, 

 that the race of new settlers came after his time. There were twelve 

 cities or states included in the older settlements in that tract of Asia 

 Minor on the yEgean, which was known in Greek geography by the 

 name of vEolis, and formed a part of the subsequent larger division of 

 Mysia. Smyrna, one of them, which early fell into the hands of the 

 lonians, the neighbours of the ..Eolians, still exists nearly on the old 

 spot, with exactly the same name, thus adding one to the many 

 instance! of the durable impression made by Greek colonists wherever 

 they settled. 



But besides these twelve states, most of which were near the coast, 

 there were many .K<>li:m towns founded by the new comers along the 

 Hellespont, the range of the Ida mountains, and on the coast of Thrace. 



The name -<Eolic is often applied to a branch or dialect of the Greek 

 language ; but we do not possess any entire work written in it. It 

 approached nearest to the Doric dialect, as it was spoken in most 

 parts of the Peloponnesus after the great Dorian invasion, already 

 mentioned. 



jESTUARY, a geographical term which signifies a wide opening at 

 the mouth of a river, in which the tide rises and falls. Thus, the 

 outlet of the Mersey at Liverpool, that of the Humber at Hull, and 

 the Solway Frith, may be called sestuaries. The word is derived from 

 the Latin itslia, ' a violent motion of sea-water.' 



^ETHIOPIA. [See ETHIOPIA.] 



.iETNA, a celebrated volcano, the largest in Europe, is situated in 

 the north-eastern part of the island of Sicily, near the sea-coast, 

 between the rivers Cantara and Simeto, which nearly inclose it on the 

 land side. It was called by the Arabs, after the conquest of the 

 island, Jtbel-en-Nar, or ' Mountain of Fire : ' the modern Sicilians call 

 it Mongibello, which is evidently derived from the Italian Monte and 

 the Arabic Jtibd, both signifying mountain. The division of Sicily in 

 which ^Etna is situated is called Val Demone, in allusion to the popular 



