J00LIA. 



AFGHAN" I 



80 



Thi* b Mid by th* native* to 



age of tree* by 



of annual growthTand thorefore no exact 

 oheig* of this individual That 



_ group 



of rooky bUads lying off UM ooast Th* largest of them b 200 

 ranis rrum UM (her*, MO yard* in circumference, and 200 feet high ; 

 k b formed of stnta of marl resting on a mass of lava in regular 

 Ancbntly they were called Cyclopean Island. 

 , Polyphemus having hurled the masses that 



Th. aeoent of J&nfa a work'oT'gr.t fatigue, especially in the 

 r or d*esrt region, both on account of the heat and of the feet 

 at ever* step in th* loo** ashes. But, under favourable 

 tan nil of weather, the labour b amply rewarded by th* 

 i of the vast prospect, varied as it b by the view of Sicily 

 out like a map, by UM islands with which the surrounding 

 ~, geremboli pouring forth volume* of smoke, and by th* 

 of Italy. If to thb we add the grandeur of the aoenery 



of the moontain M*lf. *o diversified and nuywUo in all iU feature*, the 

 aplsodour of the heaven* at night, and of the rising of the morning 

 on, the whole niawejl* a ffirmMmttim perhap* not to be found on any 

 other *pot of the earth. 



(Fsrrara, Dmcntiout <UF AM, Palermo, 1818 ; Oemmellaro, 

 /tfenc* <Uf AM, 1824; Daubeney, On Volcano*, 1826; Sorope, Ost 

 fate**** ; and Pnnaplt* of <*oJojr, by Charle* Lyell, 1832-3 ; Preal, 

 Jbr. *fc, Prague, 1826.) 



JBTOLIA, a provinc* of ancient Greece, consisted of two chief 

 drrbMoa, one on the coast, extending between th* Aohelotu and the 

 Enema, and inland as br as Thermum ; the other, called Kpiktetos, 

 or the acquired, oomprMBg th* northern and mountainoo* part of the 

 province, and alao UM country on th* coast between th* Evenus and 

 Loon*. It wa* bounded W. by th* Achelous, which separated it from 

 iiaraani* , N. by the mountain-tribes Athamanea, Dolopes, and 

 Drjrop**; K. by Doris and Loom; and & by the entrance to the 

 Corinthian Ooit 



Th* country between th* Acbeloni and th* Kvenui b *aid to have 

 been UM ordinal abode of th* JJtoliana. Along the ooait it preeenU 

 plain of great fertility, forming part of the Paracheloitis mentioned 

 under ACABXABIA ; north of this there b a range of hills called 

 Aracynthus,.with the Uke> of Hyria and Trichonb at iU northern 

 ha**, and than beyond then another plain. The Trichonb, the larger 

 and more antern of th* lakes, b now called Apokuro ; the modern 

 name of Hyria, which wa* aometimei also called Conope, i* Zygos. 

 Th* two plain* just mentioned were the principal one* in Atolia. 

 All the reet of th* surface b traversed by ragged mountain*, covered 

 with forest*, and abounding in dangeroui ravine*. On th* eastern 

 border wa* a mountain-rang* named Chalcb, which in it* north- 

 eastern conn* take* th* name of Corax. The north and north-east of 

 opted by the branch** of Pindus, and part of the 



IhM of (Eta, about the sources of the Evenua. 

 Th. only considerable river of jEtolia, betide* the Ach*lous, b the 

 Evenus, now the PUari, which rises in th* north-east part of the 

 province, and Bow* south, inclining in its lower course oonaiderably to 

 UM west Tb* ancient capital Oalydon, wa. on the left bank of the 

 Kissja*. and Chalcb was at it* mouth. The only riven worth naming 

 were UM Cymthua, which carried the superfluous waters of lakes 



Trichonb and Hyria into th* Acheloua, and th* Campylus, which 

 i^th* valley on th* western aid* of th* mountain of Tymphrestus, 

 from UM Pindu* range, and enters the Aohelous in the 

 I of th* province. 



" nt position* in vGtolb, were, Thermum, in the 

 on the lake Trichonb ; Calydon, the oldest 

 tofth* ^Btolbna, and Aacnrhinm, at the entrance of the 

 Corinthian Onlf. 



The plain, of JBtoUe wer* very productive of com, and afforded 

 abMileat peelofi for bones, for which th* provinc* ranked second 

 odytoTbesmmly. Tb* hill slop*, yielded oil and wine. In the moun- 

 tain* wer* saany wild beset*, including, according to Herodotus 

 (v. 1 MX Horn. The hunt of the Calydonian boar form* a famous 

 ten of th* beroio eg* of Oreeee. 



The Ulen* in UM north, and th* Curetes, probably a kindred race, 

 b th* level plain* of th* couth, an UM oldest inhabitant* of thb 

 r that w* oan trace. The name of jBtolia and ^Etolian* was 

 d, Mmnllag to tradition, by jEtohu and hb followers from 

 i the PelntiBnii.m, < ge.ei.Uuu* before th* war of Troy. 

 He fosjnded OaJyeon, which wa* UM redden** of hb followers: the 

 eepMel of th* Curst*, was PWuron, farther wert, and abo on the left 

 bank of UM Bvenua. Tk* Atolbns **nt 40 ships to Troy, under the 

 Hliaul of Tbne*. In UM ooun* of tim*. th* original inhabitant* 

 and the ssiengsjefcmed one people, and, lner*ail by the intermixture 



r .- <l ^ >i r.'* J *?*T ftom * >* Hr benaai. in part, though 

 net afceylhir. a Orseto peopU. IB th. ton* of Thucydid*a, on. Tof 

 Ih* oet unieiua, drrbtoe. of UM JttoUan nation wa* cfaaraoterbed 



tta&'msssr 11 !'*"* 



The Jitolian* were a people of little importance during th* moat 

 flourishing period* of the commonwealth* of Greece. In the sixth 

 year of the Peloponneaian war, B.C. 455, the Athenian general Demos- 

 thenes marched into the interior of .fctolia from Naupactus with the 

 intention of subduing the three great ^tolian tribe*, namely, the 

 Apodtui, th* Opnionen.es, and the EuryUnea, hot hb expedition wa* 

 unsuccessful ; he wa* defeated with great loss at ^Cgitiuiu, and fled to 

 the coast. The ./tttoliao* after this joined the Peloponneoians, and 

 made an attack upon Naupactus, which wag with difficulty saved by 

 Demosthenes. After the death of Alexander the Great, B.C. 328, they 

 into notice by their contest* with the Macedonian princes, who 

 - live* with the Acarnanians. The Jgtoliao* took a leading 



part in the expulsion of the Gauls from Greece, in B.C. 279. Their 

 contingent at Thermopyln was greater than that of any other state in 

 Greece, and they almost totally destroyed a body of 40,000 Gauls who 

 had invaded their country, and taken their town Gallium. From this 

 time the .-Ktuliiuis ranked with th* Macedonian* and A durum a* a 

 great leading power in Greece, and soon extended their dominion so 

 a* to comprise Eastern Acamania, the south of Epirus, and Thesealy, 

 Locris, Phocis, and Boootia. In the reign of Philip II. of Macedon 

 (which commenced ao. 220), the ^Gtoliaus, after seeing their chief 

 town, Thermum, plundered by this king, and feeling themselves 

 aggrieved by the loss of all they had seized from the Acarnanians, 

 applied for aid to the consul Valerius Lsevinua (B.C. 210). Though 

 this produced no beneficial effects, they formed a second treaty with 

 the Roman* (about B.C. 1 98) after the end of the second Punic war. The 

 immediate object of the Romans was the conquest of Macedonia, but 

 it proved eventually that this fatal alliance of the ^Etoliane led to the 

 complete subjugation of all Greece by the Romans. A series of suffer- 

 ings and degradations led the way to the occupation of all ^Ktolio, 

 when it wa* made part of the Roman province of Achica. Under 

 Roman dominion, the few towns of jtolia almost disappeared ; many 

 of the inhabitants were transplanted to people the city of Nioopolis, 

 which Augustus built at the entrance of the Ambracian Gulf, opposite 

 Actium, where he had defeated Antoniua. Since the time of the 

 Romans it is probable that the face of this country has undergone as 

 few alterations, or received as few improvements from the hand of 

 man, as the most remote parts of the globe. The Romans themselves 

 under the emperors had not even a road through Acamania and .iGtolia, 

 but followed the coast from Nioopolis to the mouth of the Acheloua. 



I'n.lur the Turkish empire, jEtolia was partly in the province of 

 Livailia. It now form* with Acamania a numut or department of ilir 

 kingdom of Greece. Its area is 1166 square miles: populnti.ui in 

 1840,25,144. [ACAKNANIA.] The chief town is MISSOLOM.III. 



The earliest traditions of ^Gtolia, properly known by that name, 

 peak of a monarchical form of government under ^Ktolus and hb 

 successors ; but this form of government ceased at a period earlier 

 than any to which historical notices extend, and we find the yEtoliann 

 existing in a kind of democracy at least, during the time of their 

 greatest political importance. This period extended from about 

 ac. 224 to their complete conquest by the Romans, B.C. 168, a period 

 of about 50 year*. The .Etolian league at one time comprehended the 

 whole country of JStolia, part of Acamania and of South Thessaly, with 

 the Cephallenian isles ; and it had, beside*, close alliances with other 

 places in the Peloponnesus, especially with Klis, and even with towns 

 on the Hellespont and in Asia Minor, jttolia formed a federal union, 

 and annually chose a general or president, a master of the horse, a 

 kind of special council called Apokletoi (the select), and a secretary, 

 in the national council, called the Pantetolicon and held at Thermum 

 about the autumnal equinox. 



AFGHANISTAN (country of the Afghans), in Asia, lies between 

 28 and 36 N. lat, and between 62 and 73 E. long. It extends 

 from north to south about 450 miles, and more from east to west ; its 

 mean width, near 31 N. lat, is about 470 mile*. This gives an area 

 of more than 211,500 square miles, so that it b somewhat larger than 

 France. To the N. of it is Turkistan, to the E. the Panjab, to the 

 & Beloochiston, and to the W. Persia. Beloochistan is properly a part 

 of Afghanistan, but b at present politically separated from it 



Afghanistan b an elevated table-land, the eastern base of which is 

 washed by the river Indus. A comparatively narrow tract of low 

 ground divides the river from the mountain-masses which constitute 

 th* eastern ridge of the table-land. These masses generally rise with 

 a steep acclivity to an elevation of about 6000 feet above the sea, and 

 on their summit the table-land extends westward to the boundary- 

 line of Persia. But in proceeding in that direction the elevation of 

 the table-land diminishoH, so that along the western boundary-line of 

 the country it is probably less than 8000 feet above the sea-level, except 

 towards Beloochistan, from which it b divided by a range which 

 seldom sink* below 6000 feet, and often rises to 9000 feet These 



Mess, however, are not extensive, nor can they be called very 



vated when compared with the vast mountain-region which incloses 

 the table-land on the north. These northern mountains rise in some 

 part* to 18,000 and 20,000 feet, and may be considered as an offset of 

 the Himalaya Mountains of Hindustan. In Afghanistan they form 

 four mountain-regions, which from east to west are known by the 

 names of Hindoo-Cooah, Pughman Mountains, Koh-i-Baba, and 

 Paropamisus. The last name b taken from the Greek anUmm; 

 to* mountain-region* to which it b applied ai i now known as the 



