

AFRICA. 



104 



oT Indie, where ke armed on the th oT February 1842. and the 

 oT J,Ud^ wavkeirtupby thewylcopi. 



-i 1 WDd would attempt to relieve them by forcing 



J that General Pollock was crossing 

 L Colonel Wild in Tain 

 the Kyber Pass but General Pollock at 



th arrivcd'at J.llaUbad on the 16th of April, after forcing the 

 Kybsr Pkia, and when be reached the fortress the beleaguering army 

 was damned and in rapid Bight General Nott, on receiving some 

 yti^J l Candahar, was ready to co-operate with General Pollock 

 ITlsriT ' Sale in an advance upon Cabul. Shah Soojah had some 

 j the Afghan chieb, and was able to maintain himself in 

 the Bala Ilisssr, or citadel of Cabul, after the British had left him to 

 hie own resources ; but he was asaisrfmted by Soojah-ood-Dowlah ; 

 and Futty Jung, Shah Soojah's youngest son, was proclaimed king by 

 one party sad opposed by ano ' 



opposed by another. 



On th. 17th of January the party of prisoners, consisting of twenty 

 nBaer*. nine ladice, and fourteen children, batide* eerenteen European 

 soldiers, two European woman, and one child, reached the fort of 

 rVHf~< in th. Lughman valley, where they were kept till the 

 10th of April, when they were marched back to a fortatTeseen, Lady 

 XacXacfau-n * baggage baring previously been rummaged and phnV 

 dend of jewels and* shawls valued at 15,0001 General Elphinstone 

 died in this fort on the 23rd of April, and hi* body was gent to 

 JeUakbad for interment. 



In nineequoncin of the indecision of the Indian government and 

 the deoeienry of hi. supplies, General Pollock was not able to leave 

 Jellalabad before the 20th of August Meantime, on the 15th of 

 August, Oeneral Nott, at the head of 7000 men, had left Candahar 

 for Ghoznee and Cabal Sultan Jan attempted to stop big march, but 

 attained a complete defeat ; Ghuznee wai retaken, and General Nott 

 continued hi* ad ranee to Cabul. 



On the 25th of August Akber Khan hurried bin prisoners off towards 

 TurkMUn, under a threat that he would make present* of them all to 

 the chief, of that wild country. On the 3rd of September they reached 

 Bameean. wham they were halted at an old fort till fresh orders were 

 received from Akber. On the llth of September the khan who had 

 charge of them signed an agreement with five English officers, in which 

 they undertook to give him 40,000 rupees and ensure him 1000 rupees 

 per month for life, on condition that he assisted them to regain their 

 liberty and rejoin their countrymen. The khan now hoisted the flog 

 of rtatamii on the wall* of the old fort, Major Pottinger was appointed 

 commander, and some neighbouring chieftains, knowing that the 

 British armiee were drawing near to Cabul, came in and swore on the 

 Koran allegiance to him and his companions. 



On the 15th of September General Pollock, after some hard fighting 

 at the Jugdulluk Pass and elsewhere, having joined his forces with 

 those of Oeneral Nott, entered Cabul ; and one of his first acts was to 

 end off a party of Khuuilhashes, adherents of the late Shah Soojah, 

 to the aid of the prisoners, who on the same day had quitted the fort, 

 resolved to fight their way back to CabuL At two o'clock in the 

 morning of the 17th of September they were aroused by the arrival 

 of a horseman with a letter from Sir R. Shakespear, who was 

 advancing with 000 mounted Khuzxilbashes to meet them. The party 

 imimsil their march at an early hour, and at midday reached some 

 deserted forts, where they were sheltering themselves from the sun, 

 when, at three o'clock, Sir R. Sbakeepear and his troop arrived. " Our 

 (Kant countryman," says one of the party, " was greeted on our side 

 with no boisterous ohseri of triumph. Our joy was too great, too 

 overwhelming for tongue to utter. That wo should have escaped 

 hurt, with so many delicate women, young children, and tender 

 infanta, through such- numerous perils, fatigues, and privations, and 

 above all from Ike hands of such merciless enemies a* Akber Khan 

 and his OUUe confederates, teamed at first too much for the senses 

 to realise." The march was resumed on the 18th, and on the 20th 

 they wen met by General Sale's brigade, the gallant veteran being 

 there in person to regain his long-lost wife and daughter, the widow 

 of the brave Lieut Start On the 21 st of September the happy party 

 inarched forward with Oeneral Sale's brigade, and entered General 

 Pollock's camp at sunset, amidst the cheers of the soldiers, the 

 congratulation, of their friends, and the roar of the artillery, which 

 announoed their welcome arrival. 



Victory now attended the British standard wherever it was raised, 

 and the Afghan war was at an end. The prisoners had been restored 

 to liberty and their friends, and by a series of well-fought battles the 

 reputation of the British army had been retrieved. On the 1st of 



Simla, stating 



October Lord EQen 



clamataon fr. 



In Afghanistan having been avenged upon every 

 i of past Bttsforttwe, the Britiah army would bo withdrawn beyond 

 the ovtlej. 



On Ike lith of October, after having deetroyed the fortification* of 



the Bala Hiaw at Cabul, the army began ite march back to India, and 



on the 17th of December. 1848, reached Firoiepoor, on the Gharra, 



Z^ZL.2? B J" oborotl n presed it. they were ' within their 



returned to Cabul, and regained the 



lonrestu^. which be still raUhw ; and the Sirdars, his brothers, also 

 reeovered Caodahw. The Barukxy, chiefs have long coveted possw- 



sion of Herat, but hitherto thuir attempts upon it have been 

 unsuccessful In that |>rinciplit>- Kamram was succeeded by Yar 

 Mohammed, who died June 4th. 1 *r.l. His son, who succeeded him, 

 had to defend his territory against the Candahar Sirdars. 1... 

 advanced against him with a large army, and won- defeated (May or 

 June, 1852) in a desperate battle which lasted eight hours, with a 

 loss of 2000 men. 



l Klphinstone's Account of Cabal; Wilson's Arima Antique; 

 Pointer's Journey fro* Bengal to England; Kayo's -4/./A on War.) 



AFlt'M KAI1A HI88AB, a city of Asia Minor, situated on the 

 slopes of a trachytic hill on the southern side of a wide iVi-ul.- plain, 

 in 88* 44' N. lat, 30 40' E. long., at a distance of n! >s E. 



from Smyrna, and 50 miles S. by E. from Kutohiych. In the plain to 

 the north of the town large quantities of madder are grown, and sent 

 to Smyrna for export to Europe ; but it is still more famous for the 

 growth of the opium poppy (ajlom), which has also given ite name to 

 the town. In the centre of the city a bold almost perpendicular 

 trachytic rook rises to the height of nearly 200 yard*, and is half a 

 mile in circuit; on the summit are the ruins of an old castle, of 

 Byzantine or Turkish erection, with battlements and embrasures. 

 The stone with which the castle is built is a dark granite, whence its 

 title of Kara Hissar (Black Castle), which has also become the dixtinc- 

 tive name of the town. The difficult path formed in a crevice of the 

 rock and leading up to the castle is well defended with walls and 

 towers, and the summit commands an extensive view of the plain and 

 the neighbouring trachytic hills. The only ancient remains noticed 

 by Hamilton, who visited Afiom in 1835-6, were a colossal headless 

 female figure with much drapery, lying near the lower entrance to the 

 castle, and a mutilated lion, a little higher up ; a statue in the 

 Armenian burying-ground ; some fragments of architectural sculpture, 

 cornices, columns, &c. ; and several inscriptions, none of which however 

 threw any light upon the ancient name of the place. 



The city is built round the rock just described, and in nearly 3 miles 

 in circuit It is situated on the caravan route from Smyrna to ;- 

 and is a place of considerable activity on account of its transit trade. 

 The houses are built of wood, stone, and mud, and the streets have a 

 dismal aspect There ore however several large well-supplied bazaars, 

 twelve mosques, six khans, five bath*, and a custom-house. One of 

 the mosques is a noble domed building with a portico in front The 

 population consists of 8000 Turkish and 400 Armenian families, and 

 probably amounts to between 50,000 and 60,000. Afiom is the resi- 

 dence of a pasha of two tails, and of a Greek bishop. It is of some 

 importance for ite fabrics of wool, tapestry, fire-arms, and sabres ; 

 but the chief articles of commerce are the madder and opium 

 cultivated in the neighbourhood. In the country between it and 

 Smyrna, Turkey carpets are made. 



AFRKEDIS, an Afghan clan, sometimes spoken of under the more 

 general name of Kyburees, inhabit the Kyber hills on the confines of 

 Cabul and the Panjab. They command the passes in these hills, for a 

 safe conduct through which their Malik*, or chiefs, consider themselves 

 entitled to demand a toll. The toll for the celebrated Kyber Pass 

 was formerly paid by the rulers of Cabul, and the non-payment of it 

 after the restoration of Shah Soojah to the throne excited the furious 

 hostility of the Afreedis against the British and their auxiliaries. 

 They resisted the march of Colonel Wade and the Sikh auxiliaries 

 through the pass in July, 1839, but were compelled to evacuate the 

 fort, Ali-Muxjiil. the key of the pass, which, with other posts between 

 Peshawur and Jellalabad, was garrisoned by small detached parties. 

 At a subsequent period of the Afghan war, January 19, 1842, they 

 defeated two Sepoy regiments advancing under Brigadier Wild from 

 Peahawur to the relief of two other Sepoy regiments under Colonel 

 Moseley in Ali-Musjid, which had seized that fort some days before, 

 and hod been robbed of their provisions on their way. Cut off from 

 all communication with the brigadier, and short of provixion, Moseley 

 evacuated the fort on the 24th, which was immediately seized by the 

 Afreedis. On General Pollock's advance from Peshawur to the relief 

 of Jellalabad, in the spring of 1842, the A freed i chiefs offered to clear 

 the pass from Jumrood to Dhaka for 50,000 nipees ; but Pollock chose 

 to force his way, sweeping the heights on each side of the defile with 

 his light troops, whilst the main body advanced through the pass, 

 having demolished the barrier raised by the enemy across the entrance. 

 Before Pollock reached Ali-Mu*jid the Afreedis hod evacuated it ; it 

 was then held by a strong force till the final withdrawal of the British 

 troop* from Afghonixtan, when it was blown up. We next hear of 

 the Afreedi* in connection with another pass on the road from Peshawur 

 to Kohat, leading to the Salt Range. On February 2, 1850, about 

 1000 Afreedis plundered the camp of a party of British Sappers 

 employed in making a road through this pass, about 18 miles south 

 from Peshawur, and killed several of the men. To avenge this 

 massacre a strong force, under Colonel Brndshaw, scoured the hills in 

 the neighbourhood, destroying six villages and a great number of the 

 ii. my, who however showed fight on the return of the troops through 

 the passes. 



To the wcht <.f the Kylwr hillx. on the Cul.ul Hide, theMomund clan 

 dncllH along the banks of the Cabul River. Their chief place, Lal- 

 poorali, the residence of the Malik, is opposite Dakha. 

 M'HICA, one of the great division* of the earth. 



I. The term Africa, which is probably of I'lKriiician origin, wag 



