AJKMKBR. 



ALABAMA. 



M 



th* Pwiplus,' but Ptolemsras mention, the 

 ,torr of ntmm as lying still farther south than Rhaptum. 

 7fw3 w.n.rtabUyot writtaB later than the middle of th. 

 jgj ooteW and at this period we And the Arabs carrying on a 

 rt*k trad* with Ik* nativ*. of Asania, and intermarrying with them. 

 Ksstt wa* at that tint* almost entirely under Arab influence ; 

 w.^_ traded with Muca (near th* present Mocha), and exported 

 THimoom. boroa, tortois. sh*ll. Ac. Th. inhabitants wen 



; Viaosnf. Ptriflut of Ikt Rytkrta* Bta ; Hudson'. 



SttifHrm, rol L> 

 AJMKKR. [HntDCsr**.] 



-- 



AKABAH, GULF OF. [R*o SEA.] 



AKERMANN. a fortUUd towm in the Russian province of Be*as- 

 rabia ; OB the outhem shore of th* Dni*stroTskoi Lake, through 

 which the rim Dnieper paw. into th* Btack Sea; in 46' 12' N. Ut, 

 M* tT B. long. : population, including the suburbs, above 26,000. 



TV town U but on a point of land projecting into the lake, and is 

 I*, th* land *5d7by deep ditches, and toward, the lake by 

 strong rampart*. The harbour U good; it is defended by a 

 Ul bum oa an J-~~ The inhabitant* consist chiefly of 

 Orecka, Arm*"**"*, and Jews. FUh, which are caught in abundance 

 in th* lak*. and *alt from th* *alt lake* of th* district of Akermann, 

 ' articlo of commerce. A ahort time ago, a fair 

 Akermann ha* four gate* and two suburb* ; it 

 a it *" Armenian Church, some mosque* sod Greek 

 . MTeral large bathing establishments, and well-supplied 

 The street* are dirty and the town ill-bunt, most of the 



"By the treaty concluded here. Sept 1820, between Russia and 

 Turkey, the latter agreed to permit the two principalities of WalUchia 

 and Moldavk to be governed by native Boyarn, elected by the divan of 

 each ; to lest or* the former privilege* of the Servians ; to pay the 

 claim* of Russia on account of lassei incurred by the Barbary coraain ; 

 and to allow that power th* liberty of navigation and commerce in 

 all the state* of th* Sublime Porte, and especially. free passage of the 

 strait of Constantinople. 



AKH.U./.1KH, a town in Russian Armenia, situated near the 

 rnrtfnihtd between the Black Sea and the Caspian, on a feeder of 

 th* Kur, which flow, towards the south-cart from the Perengah 

 Dagh ; in 41* 40' N. lat, 43* 10' E long. : population, about 15,000, 

 who are chiefly Armenians. It was formerly the chief town of a 

 paahalic in Turkish Georgia; since the cession of which province 

 to Russia, it i. the capital of the province of Akhalzikh. [GEORGIA.] 

 The town is fortified, and of considerable extent. The most remark- 

 able building after the citadel is the mosque of Ahmed, which is built 

 on the model of that of Santa Sophia at Constantinople. Connected 

 with the mosque is a college, and a library rich in Oriental literature ; 

 but it is said that the best work, it contained have been carried away 

 to the royal library of St-Petenburg. The Armenians have several 

 large churches, and there is also a synagogue. The chief trade is in 

 ilk and honey ; there is also some transit trade, as the town lies on 

 the road between the port of Batoom and Tiflis, being 80 miles E. 

 tram the former and 105 miles W. from the Utter. 



AK-8EHAI . AK sHKHKIl [KiRAMAH.J 



ALABAMA, ooe of the southern states of North America, is bounded 

 N. byTinnas.il, E. by Georgia, a by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, 

 and W. by the Mississippi. ft extends between 80* 10' and 35' N.lat, 

 84' and M* W W. long. Its Uogth from N. to & is 317 miles, from 

 E. to W. 174 mile*. Th* ana is 40,000 square miles. According to 

 th. OSDSOS of 1860. th* population was 771,871, of whom 842,892 

 w*r* slaves and SS93 free coloured. Alabama originally belonged to 

 th* State of Georgia. In 1708, the country, including the present 

 Mate, of Mississippi and Alabama, was formed into a Territory j and 

 th. part of Florid* between Pearl and Perdido rivers was taken 

 nnsMssion of by th* United States in 1812, and annexed to this 

 Territory. During th* yean 1818 and 1814 it was harassed by the 

 attack* of th* Indiana, who were reduced to submission by General 

 J !^"- 1" "I*. * * portion of th* territory became the State 

 of MissWppV and the eart the * Territory of Alabama'- which, by an 

 act of Congra**, March 8, 1819, was admitted into the Union as a 



Th. folLnring table show, the rapid progre*. of 

 popuUtion and of slavery In this state : 



1 1810 th* total population wa* under 10,000, 



1820 It was 127,901 including 41,879 slaves. 

 1MO H 808,997 117,294 

 1840 690,75* 248,632 



1S50 771,671 :;< 



-J r*pr*s*ntativ* potHUation in the 'last-mentioned jr**r was 

 in which numbw three-fifth, of th. slave* are inoluded. 



.dUl ^J n *T?!! UUT ' for mtr * 83 ' 420 of the T*- 



v_L^f ddiUoll- on* for a surplus exoMding 

 ""' J* "teted (according to th* present law of 

 tioa). .Mb)*, th* Mat. to returTivro ngSHSSt^t to 

 To tb* MO.U. Akbaa, lik. web of thV other United 



Akbanm is rry limited 

 with tk* aunt of th* state. It commence* on the 



coast of Mexico, about midway between the mouths of the riven 

 PasoagouU and Mobile, and running eastward terminates at the 

 of the Perdido. The real coast-line, not including the shore* of the 

 Bay of Mobile, is not above 80 miles in length. 



With the exception of a comparatively .mall district in the north of 

 the stete, which is drained by the Tennessee, a feeder of the Ohio, 

 the surface of Alabama has a general inclination from north to south. 

 The southern part of the state bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico is 

 a low level, covered with forest* of pine and cypress. In the mi.LII.- 

 the surface i* hilly, and interspersed with prairies. Farther north th.- 

 count ry continues to rise. The Alleghany Mountains, which terminate 

 in the north-east section of the state, send off an elevated range of 

 hills, traversing the surface from east to west, with a alight bend towards 

 the south. This range forms part of the watershed between the 

 Tennessee and the other riven of the state, all of which flow south- 

 ward to the Gulf of Mexico. 



Hydrography. The chief riven are the Mobile, the Alabama, from 

 which the state is named, the Tombigbee, the Tuscaloosa, the Coosa, 

 the Talapoosa, the Tennessee, the Chattahoochee, the Perdido, the 

 Cahawba, and the Conecuh. 



The Mobile pansn* the city of Mobile, which is on the west bank of 

 the river, and enten the spacious Bay of Mobile. This bay is about 

 30 miles long, and varies from 3 to 18 miles in breadth : the main 

 entrance, which is between Dauphin Island and Mobile Point, has 

 16 feet of water. The Mobile is formed by the union of thu Tombigbee 

 and the Alabama, which meet 45 miles above the city of Mobile, 



The Tombigbee rises in the north-east angle of the state of Missis- 

 sippi, in the county of Tishamingo, and after a southern course of 

 100 miles enten the stete of Alabama 5 miles below Columbus, in 

 the state of Mississippi, where it becomes navigable. After a course of 

 about 60 miles farther in a S.S.E. direction, it is joined by the Tusca- 

 loosa, or Black Warrior, a river nearly as large as itself, at Buff Port, in 

 about 32 38' N. lat The Tuscaloosa rises in the north-east angle of 

 the state of Alabama, and is formed by the Locust Fork and Mulberry 

 riven, which spring from the south-eastern extremity of the Alleghany 

 Mountains, and unite on the boundary of Jefferson and Tuscaloosa 

 counties. The river thus formed pursues a general south-west course, 

 passing Tuscaloosa, the former capital of Alabama, to its junction with 

 the Tombigbee. There is steam navigation as far as Tuscaloosa, 

 nearly 200 miles above Mobile. The united stream then pursues a 

 winding course southwards for 100 miles, and is then joined by the 

 Alabama, to form the Mobile River 45 miles above the head of Mobile 

 Bay. The Tombigbee is navigable for large vessels during nine 

 months in the year as far as St. -Stephens, and as far as Columbus for 

 steam-boat*. 



The Alabama is formed by the Coosa and the Talapoogs, The 

 Coosa itself is formed of numerous streams that descend from the 

 Alleghanies in the north of Georgia, and traversing the north-west of 

 that stete enters Alabama, where it unites with the Talapoosa 8 miles 

 below Wetumpka. The whole length of the Coosa is about 240 miles; 

 it is navigable for steam-boats to Wetumpka. The Talapoosa rises in 

 Carroll county, in the west of Georgia, near 34 N. lat, and flowing 

 S.S.W. for above 180 miles through Alabama, unites with the Coosa 

 between Montgomery and Autauga counties. The junction of these 

 two riven forms the Alabama, which flows in a very tortuous coune 

 in a general western direction past Montgomery, the capital of the 

 stete since 1847, and as far as Cahawba, where it receives the Cahawba 

 liiv.-r from the north, on its right bank. Below Cahawba it 

 in a similar winding course, but in a general S. 8. W. .Unction to 

 its junction with the Tombigbee. Above this point the Alabama is 

 navigable at all seasons for vessels requiring 6 feet of water up to 

 Claiborne (60 miles). From Claiborne to Cahawba (160 mile- 

 river has 4 or 5 feet of water ; and from Cahawba to the juu. t 

 its two head branches it has in all places a depth of at least 3 feet 

 The Alabama, like most of the large American riven, differs very 

 considerably in its volume of water at different seasons. Below the 

 " of the two main streams, the Tombigbee and Alabama, the 

 river does not flow in one channel, but in two main and numerous 

 smaller channels, through a low wet country, to the head of Mobile Bay. 

 nvera of Alabama are highest in the spring of the year, and it 

 is not uncommon for them to rise 80 or 90 feetabove low water. Tli. 

 banks, when they presents recent surface, exhibit a beautiful appear- 

 ance, striped with alternate layers of gravel and different-coloured 

 clays. The clays commence about 20 feet above low water. The layers 

 are of different thickness, from one inch to several feet, and of various 

 colours, from red and deep blue to a delicate white. Steam-boats were 

 first introduced on these riven in 1820. 



The Chattahoochee rises in the northern part of Georgia, and U 

 part of the boundary-line between Alabama and Georgia. It th. n 

 enten Florida, where it joins the Flint River to form the Apalachicola. 

 'I')n < 'hattahoochee is navigable for steam-boats to the falls of Columbus. 

 Th.' IVrdid.i separates the most southern part of Alabama from KI 



The Tennessee runs through the northern part of this state. It 

 enten Alabama on the east, running S.W. ; it (lien runs \V.N.\V., 

 sad again enters the state of Tennessee. It falls into tin- Ohio, 

 in Kentucky. The part of the stete north of the river is called 

 Tennessee Valley. The Tennessee is navigable for large steam-boats 

 250 miles to Florence in Alabama, which i* Mow the Muscle 



