JLLQBRIE. I/. 



ALOKHIK I. 1 . 



.'i 



UMT frug 



tlwnMrria bond is held very loos*. In Uielrpredatory 

 frugal diet, UMir f.*dn- for muate and tory-t*Hen, the 



Arabs ramble UM n*t of their brethren scattered over Asia and 

 Africa. Th WOBJSO ar* generally spare, swarthy, and ill-favoured. 



The nun- of Moon has bei and In Europe la general MUM, 

 * UM Afnon Arabs ; bat the present Moon of Harbary are 

 peopU distinct from the original Arabian conquerors, M 

 M from ih* aetoU nomade Arabs, who lire in the interior of the 

 TT. The Moon constituted the bulk of the population of the 

 i and the district* immediately aruund. but their numbers are 

 kn*d aiaee the French oonqueet They are a very mixed 

 net, epniag from the various nation* who hare successively oocupied 

 UN country; the Arabian Hook, however, which waa engrafted on the 

 population existing at UM time of the Mussulman conquest, may be 

 oppoaid to piedoinlnir* Their nnmber wa* much Dwelled by the 

 Moon who were driven away from Spain. They are not *o swarthy 

 a* the Ifeduins ; the men, who are much exposed to the ray* of the 

 an, acquire a very dark comp'..T'"ti. but their women Mid children 

 are aa clear a* lhoe of southern Europe, and often very handsome. 

 Fatness in an indispensable condition of female beauty among the 

 Moon, and gnat pain* are Uken by mothen and mine* in order that 

 their girl* may attain this desideratum. The Moon are farther 

 advanced hi civilisation than the Arabs or the Kabyle* ; they are 

 oMd to the comfort* of town*, many of them are wealthy, and fond 

 of luxury and pleasure. But their moral character in said to stand 

 verr low. They hare the vice* of the Arab* without their virtues, 

 and UM brutal paeaioni of the Turk* without their bravery. Having 

 bean for age* aoeuetotned to tremble before the military despotism of 

 the Ottomans, the Moon are pusillanimous, nervile, and treacherous. 

 They are not deficient in intelligence ; the boy* frequent the schools, 

 where they learn reading, writing, and arithmetic, at a trifling cost ; 

 elementary Initruotion having been established at Algien for age* post 

 on a method anmewhat raeerabling the Lanowterian. The Moon speak 

 UM Moghnbin, or western dialect of the Arabian language, 



The Turku, who for more than three centuries had been the nilera 

 of Algien, formed a militia which seldom amounted to 10,000 ; and 

 though it WM at la*t reduced to 5000, even thin itmall body kept tin- 

 whole population in perfect submission. They were nominally nt 

 leant under the order* of the Sultan, a lord high sovereign of the 

 uounlfj. The Dey wan selected from among their own body. 

 Every year fresh recruit* from the Levant, lawleM characten from 

 OooaianUnople, Salonichi, and Smyrna, with fierce Arnauts fr-un 

 Albania, came to All up the vacancies. Christian renegade* were 

 oooaakmally admitted among them, )mt Moon or Arabs never. The 

 main body of the Turks wa* stationed at Algiers, hut detachments 

 were sent as garrisons to the various towns of the provinces. In cane 

 of attack from other powers, the Moon, Arabs, and Rabyles, served 

 an auxiliaries under the orders of the Turks. The janizaries, as the 

 Turkish militia were called, were well paid, and their pay continued 

 for life, even after they retired from the service. They enjoyed great 

 privileges, and any insult offered to them by the natives was puni-ln-d 

 with death ; indeed they generally took the law into their own hands, 

 and inflicted summary punishment. They were not subject to the 

 common tribunals for any offence, but were tried before their own 

 court, and pnninbed privately by their Aga. As the Ttirks hud no 

 women of their nation, they married either Moorish women or 

 ian slaves; the offspring of these marriages, called Kooloolis, 

 constitute a considerable pn>[vr<in <>f tin- population of Algien and 

 UM other towns. Their number was reckoned by Mr. Oraberg, the 

 late Swedish consul, at 17,000 in the city of Algiers alone. Some of 

 the KooloolU entered the militia, others were employed in various 

 office* under government; many wen pOMesmd of property, which 

 their fcthm or themselves had acquired, especially by holding shares 

 in the privateers, for this was a pmfiulile speculation ,.f the Turks. 

 Many of the Kooloolis emigrated after t "inquest. All the 



above races, being Mohammedans, are polygamlsts. 



The Jews came in great numbers to Algiers on bring driven awny 

 out of Spain and Portugal at the same time as the Moors. They are 

 reckoned to bt between 40,000 and fiO.OOO, living in the principal 

 towns, chiefly on UM eomtt They are, as everywhere else, brokers, 

 agents, jobben, retailers, hawken, and some of them are merchants 

 and bankers. Despiaed and ill used by the Turks, they were still 

 necessary to thorn In all money transactions, in all maritime specula- 

 tion*, and in their financial operations. They exercised by this means 

 considerable influence on the memben of the government Many of 

 them grew rich, though in continual dread of losing both their 

 property and their live*. Their condition has been materially 

 mtUorated nnd.-r the Krench rule. 



Th* B saints wen slaves, brought from Soudan by the caravans, or 

 kidnapped by UM Bednins of the desert. Between 4000 and 8000 

 wr brought very y & territories of Alfien, one half of 



whom w*n taken to the capital, where they wer* exposed In the 

 ha***r, and sold partly to wealthy Moon or Turks, and partlv to 

 pwaktnn, who epnrt~l th-m by sea to the Levant There are still 

 many of these negroes resident In the province, but slavery has ceased 

 to nbt since UM settlement -t the Frrti. !,. 



include* the several divisions of ancient 



,.. - 



If omidla, both of the JU~vll and of UM Maasvsyli, the kingdoms of 



Masinissa and his rival Syphax, and afterwards of Jugurtha. It also 

 includes part of the Mauntanian kingdom! of Booohus and of Juba. 

 It wa* conquered successively by the Romans, the Vandals, the 

 Uyxantine Greeks, and lastly by the Arabs, who invaded North Africa 

 at the beginning of the 8th century, and established Islamum. 

 Ferdinand the Catholic, after driving the Moon tram Spain, tent an 

 expedition to Africa under Cardinal ximenw and Don Pedro Navarro, 

 which took possession, in 1609, of Oran and Marsa-el-Kebir, and of 

 Bujeiah in the following year. They also took possession of the island 

 befon Algiers, and built a fort there. The Moon of Algiers, who were 

 under a chief called Si-lim Kutomi, called to their assistance the 

 Turkish corsair, Horush, who had made himself famous by hi* exploits 

 in the Levant sea*. Horush landed at Jiljili in 1516, and soon after 

 attacked the Spaniards hi concert with the Moon, and reconquered 

 port of the country. Having rid himself of Belim Kutomi by violence, 

 he remained master of Algien, when he ruled tyrannically. He 

 afterwards marched westward and took Tlemsen, but being attacked 

 both by the Spaniards from Oran, and by the Moon who revolted 

 against him on account of his cruelties and extortions, he put himself 

 in march with his Turks to regain Algiers, but being overtaken and 

 surrounded near the river Mailah, not far from Oran, he died fighting, 

 in 1518. Horush, when cruising in the Levant, was called familiarly 

 by his crews, 'Baba Hornsh,' or Fn 1 li the Kuropean 



sailors corrupted into Barbarosss, His brother, Khair-ed-Din, to whom 

 he had left his ships, succeeded him in t' , of AU-ie-, 



to secure his authority, put himself, in 1519, under the allegiance of 

 th<- Sultan of the Ottomans, Sclim I., who appointed him Pasha and 

 Regent of Algien, and sent him a body of janizaries. Khair-ed-Din 

 took from the Spaniards the island before Algiers, which he j... 

 n pier to the mainland in 1680, thus forming a safe hml >ii r . II.- 

 manned a large Beet, with which he swept the Mcditctrniu-.-in, striking 

 terror among the Christian sailors. Holy man I. called him t 



.ud raised him to the rank of Capudan Pasha, or Groat 

 Admiral. Hosaan, a Sardinian renegade, who succeeded him in the 

 regency of Algiers, continued to scour the sea, and make incursions on 

 the Coast of virles V., in the plenitude of hi power, was 



baffled in his attack upon Alglera in 1541. A terrible storm dispersed 

 his fleet, and the army was obliged to re-ctnlxirk in the greatest 

 confusion. From that epoch the Algerines thought themselves invin- 

 cible, and extended their piracies not only nil over the Mediterranean, 

 but also into the Atlantic. They seized the vessels of all natioi 

 diil not agree to pay them a tribute. Admiral Hlako first taught the 

 Algerines to respect the flog of England. Louis XIV. caused Algiers 

 to be hotnKirdi-d in 1B88 by Admiral Duquesne, which led to a peace 

 in the following year between France ami Algiers. The Spaniards, 

 under General O'Reilly, landed near Algiers in 1775, but were obliged 

 to re-embark in haste, and with loss. The I )utcli, after iw-veral combat* 

 with the Algerines, obtained respect for their flog by paying a sum of 

 money. So did likewise the Danes and Swedes. The Austrian (fid 

 Russian flogs were protected by the special in f tin- l'.,rl<\ 



in consequence of treaties with the latter. But tin- hnliim state* 

 were the greatest sufferen from the piracies of the Algi-rines and 

 the other lUrbary powers, who not only Hei/.c.l their vessels and 

 cargoes, but made slaves of all on board, who were either sold in tin- 

 market, or I, to the publie works. The precise epoch of 

 the beginning of this organised, and we may almost call it leg 

 system of piracy, for it was recognised 1 ..111 treaties which 

 the Christian powen condescended to sign, appears to date from the 

 end of the 15th century, when the Spanish Moors, dri 

 Granada, their last stronghold, settled on dill. r. nt point* .>f the 

 opposite coast of Barbary, and thence retaliated upon their Christian 

 - by seizing their vessels. The establishment of the H> 



-' olm in the Inland of Malta, whose profession was on, 

 warfare against Mohamn keepalive and to juirti' 



system of indiscriminate reprisal ..n the part of the latter. But en 

 wns the great incentive, n the produce of the prizes and of the slaves 

 was an essential source of revenue to the Algerinc government, and 

 of profit to private speculators. It was n common saying, that Algiers 

 without prfvatoen must starve. In 1815 the Algerine power was 

 checked in its lawless exactions liy the ships of the United States, 

 which took an Algerinc frigate and brig : the Dey was compelled to 



1e a treaty with the Americans, renounce all tribute, and pay 

 tin-in fiO.OOO dollars as compensation for tli< i had 1-ccii 



plundered. Lord F.xmouth, in ex. !M- .!.-. ninr 



by the congress of Vienna, put an end t.. Christian slavery in 1816 ; 

 but the Algerines still claimed the right, as an indep- ndcnt power, of 

 declaring war against any state they chose, and of M-i ring its merchant- 

 vessels, and releasing the crew* or keeping them in prison till peace 

 wa* agreed on. In April. 1V27, a ]-rs"iial insult was \.-, 

 French con-nl l.y Hussein I'asha. the last Dey, who claimed payment, 

 of a sum of money said to he due to hi- predecessor by the I 



nent for supplies furnished during Napoleon's wars. The 



1 answered in a flippant manner, upon which Hussein struck 

 him in thefoce with his fan nt a public audience. A ' fa illinij 



negotiations, Charles X. sent an << n a very large scale to 



tiike possoHxion of Algiers. This was effected in Jm, \lgiers 



Bourmont, the Dey abdicated and retired to 

 Kurojio, whil.- the French took possession of the town, of the fleet, 



