ni 



ALGBRIE, L'. 



AI.OHKKO. 



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opened 

 which 



b*ad town of the new khalif.t of MedjL In September of the 

 MM year the Duke of Orleans arrived at Algiers, and then proceeded 

 by way of Phaippeville to ConsUntine, where he received the homage 

 of the various khalifas and sheiks of the province, as wall a* of the 

 nlsmsi. with the mufti at their head, and of the various corporations 

 sod trades of CocwUntine. He distributed to several native chiefs 

 the decoration of the legion of honour. In October he proceeded 

 with an exploratory expedition in the direction of Algiers, by way of 

 Milah, Djemilah, Seteef, Sidi, Embank, and then through the Biban, 

 or Iron-Gate., a remarkable defile, in some place* only 8 feet wide, 

 between perpendicular rocks from 800 to 00 feet high, which the 

 Turks had never been able to pass without paying tribute to the 

 neighbouring tribes. The French passed without opposition, and 

 then by way of the Hamsa and Wadi Zeitoon they returned to 



InOctober, 1889, the Arab* of Abd-l-Kader resumed hostilities 

 agshsrt the French, without any previous declaration. They invaded 

 the Metidja, and surprised and cut to pieces the French colonist*, as 

 well a* several detachments of soldiers. On the news of these events the 

 French government at home ordered reinforcements amounting to 

 about SO.OOO men, beside* horses, to be sent to Africa. Meantime 

 several affair, took place between the French and the Arabs in the 

 neighbourhood of Algiers. The small garrison of Maiagran, east of 

 Oran, attacked by several thousand Arabs, made a most brave 

 defence. On the 31st of December a large body of the troops of 

 Abd-el-Kader were defeated near Blidah, with considerable Ices. 



The war continued during the following year, 1840, but although 

 the French army of occupation had been raised to 60,000 men, no 

 definitive result was attained ; the French, after some sharp engage- 

 ments, recovered poesaasion of Medeyah and Melianah, which had 

 been given up to Abd-el-Kader by the treaty of the Tafna, and the 

 maritime town of Cherchell, west of Algiers, was also occupied. 

 In the oast am province, several tribe* friendly to Ahmed, the expelled 

 Bey of ConsUntine, were defeated. 



The French government at home resolved on carrying on the war 

 against Abd-el-Kader with renewed energy, declaring that there 

 could be no peace in Africa till that chief was destroyed. for 

 experience had twice shown that no faith could be placed in him 

 With these views, General Bugeaud was sent to Algiers to replace 

 Marshal Valee as governor-general, in December, 1840. He 



the spring campaign of 1841 by marching against Mascara, 

 be took and garrisoned, driving Abd-el-Kader towards the 



Several remote tribes, having lost their confidence in the 

 Emir, made their peace with the French. The campaign of the 

 autumn consisted in provisioning Mascara, and obliging the powerful 

 tribe of the Hashem, Abd-el-Kader's chief strength, to emigrate 

 towards the Desert The winter season put an end to hostilities. 

 It was resolved to inclose the vast Metidja plain, an area of 40 square 

 league*, with a ditch, protected by military poets and block-houses, 

 in order to secure the colonist* and their farm*. 



In the year 1842 the war continued to be carried on by Genera] 

 Bugeaud against Abd-el-Kader, who was defeated in person at Sikkak 

 Sessef ; and several more important tribes, the Moozaia, the Sumuta, 

 the Hheniia, Beni Massaond, Beni Smala, Ac., were induced to make 

 peace with France, Tlamsen was again occupied, and a French 

 garrison placed in it Abd-el-Kader however, by his genius and 

 activity, seemed to find fresh resource* as he moved rapidly from 

 place to place. The credit granted by the Chambers for the 

 expenditure of the French possession* in North Africa, amounted in 

 the budget of 1842 to the sum of 47,050,984 francs. In November 

 the Duke of Aumale, one of Louis-Philippe's younger sons, arrived 

 at Algiers, and joined a new expedition against Abd-el-Kader. They 

 obtained considerable successes against several Arab tribes. Ten 

 thnimnil men were ordered from France to join the army of 



AWpm 



The campaign of the following spring, 1843, was marked by the 

 Duke of Amnale surprising, at the head of a body of cavalry, the 

 smala,' or camp, of Abd-el-Kader, whilst the great body of his Arab* 

 were sbesut, on the border of the desert south of Tlenuen. Several 

 thousand prisoners were taken, and a large booty, including the Kiiiir'x 

 paper*. The Emir had barely time to escape. The French however 

 lost several officers of rank in this campaign ; among the rest General 

 Xuetapha Ben Ismail, a brave Arab auxiliary chief, eighty years old, 

 whose bead ws* taken to Abd-el-Kader, who proclaimed his death as 

 asignalpunishmentof heaven upon a traitor to his country. Meantime 

 the French resorted freely to the African practice of making 'rasaias,' 

 ; redatory incursions into the ground* of hostile or disaffected 

 tribes, carrying away their cattle, and also their women and children. 

 The oatUe were sold, and the prisoner, taken to Oran or Algiers, until 

 the tribe* made their submission. Colonel Juasuf distinguishe.1 him 

 self in this kind of warfare. AUI el Kndnr wandered about with a 

 number of follower* near the borders of Maroooo. In the 

 i of November his intimate friend and braveat lieutenant, the 

 Ea Ben A1UU, called Sidi Embank, the 'one-eyed,' at the head of 

 boot 1000 men, we* defeated by the French an<l kill. -I. After 

 this dister Abd-el-Kader took refuge within the frontiers of 

 MSJMBO. 



In February, 1844, an expedition from Constantino, under the Duke 



of Aumale, set out from Itiwora, seven days' march to the south, in 

 the Beled-al-Jereed, where the Turks had once a sUtion, and which 

 was occupied by a detachment of Abd-ol-Kader'a. The French took 

 possession of the district, the troops of Abd-el-Kader having fled, and 

 eft a native detachment in the fort But after the return of the 

 expedition the friends of Abd-el-Kader surprised the detachment, 

 and massacred it This excursion however made the French 

 acquainted with the road to the Great Desert 



From his place of retirement within the frontier* of Marocco, Abd- 

 el-Kader not only strove to keep alive disaffection against the French 

 among the tribes of Algeria, but he likewise succeeded in exciting the 

 fanatical population of Marocco itself to a Holy War, for the purpose 

 of driving away the infidels from Africa. Home of the emperor's 

 family and court joined in the war-cry. The result was a war between 

 Maroooo and the French. Marshal Bugeaud added to nis I 

 successes that of defeating, at the battle of the Inly, the army of 

 Marocco, which had advanced into that part of the territory of Algiers 

 which lies west of the Tafna river ; after which the French seized 

 upon Ouchda, a frontier town of Maroooo. These events, and the 

 bombardment by sea of the towns of Tangier and Mogadore, induced 

 the emperor Abd-er-Rahman to sue for peace, the principal condition 

 of which was that he should not permit Abd-el-Kader any more to 

 annoy the French in their possession of Algeria. In the debate* which 

 took place, both in the British Parliament and in the French Chambers, 

 it was elicited that the French dominion over Algeria had been 

 acquiesced in by Great Britain ; France, on iu part, having engaged 

 not to extend it* conquest* beyond the boundaries of the Algerine 

 territories, either on the side of Tunis or on that of Marocco. In a 

 political point of view the possession of Algeria is undoubtedly of 

 considerable importance to France. Mankind at large, and the nations 

 that border on the Mediterranean in particular, have derived great 

 advantages from the French conquest, namely, the extirpation of a 

 nest of pirates and the abolition of Christian slavery in that state. 



In the following year, 1846, Abd-el-Kader, now fugitive and for- 

 lorn, surrendered to the French, and was taken with nig family and 

 attendants to France, where he remained a prisoner, being treated 

 however with considerable attention, until October 16, 1852, when 

 Louis Napoleon, then Prince-President of France, released him on the 

 condition of not returning to Algiers, but of residing at Bruaaa in 

 Asia Minor, for which place he left France early in 1853. 



In 1847 Marshal Bugeaud undertook an expedition into Kabylia, in 

 order to chastise some refractory tribes. The expedition succeeded, 

 and it has been followed by other incursions into the same high-land 

 district With this exception, the French sway may be considered 

 now as regularly established over the territories of Algiers. But a 

 considerable army, a force of 70,000 men, is required to keep in awe 

 the more turbulent tribes of Arabs and Kabylee. 



The European inhabitants, not military, settled in the various towns 

 and villages of Algeria amounted in 1852 to about 70,000, and they are 

 increasing rapidly by fresh arrivals. Since 1841 a number of villages 

 have been built on the Sahel, or table-land round Algiers, each of 

 which contains from 50 to 60 families of French colonists, chiefly 

 emigrant farmers with a small capital. The government has granted 

 them allotments of ground, on condition of their cultivating them and 

 Imililing their own houses. These villages have been surrounded by 

 a ditch and towers, thus forming a chain of fortified outposts round 

 the capital. Each village has its fountain, it* church, a town-house, 

 and a school Similar villages have been built in the province of Oran, 

 in the valleys of the lower Shellif and of the Sig. 



One half of the emigrants to Algeria are natives of France, and the 

 rest are Spaniards, Germans, Italians, and Maltese. A regular com- 

 munication by steam-boats is established between Marseille. Toulon, 

 and Algiers, and likewise along the coast, between Algiers and Bona 

 on one side, and Algiers and Oran on the other. Diligences nm 

 between Algiers and Blidah in the interior. 



The deportment of public instruction is under an inspector. There 

 is a college at Algiers, with 15 professors; and gratuitous courses of 

 Arabic both oral and written are given. There are commercial schools 

 in the various districts. A Roman Catholic bishop resides at Algiers. 

 The Protestant* have churches at Algiers and Oran. 



Algc'rie is administered under the French war-office by a Governor 

 General, who also commands the military force of the colony. :m.l is 

 assisted in his administration by a council It is divided into three 

 provinces, Alger, Oran, and Constantine. Each province consists of 

 a civil territory and a military territory. The civil territory consti- 

 tutes a department, and is divided into arrondiaaements and com- 

 munes, and governed by a prefect, assisted by a general council, in the 

 same manner as the departments of France. The military territory is 

 H.lniiiiiKtered by the military authorities exclusively. 



(Ouide du Voyagew en Algtrie, contenant FAnnuaire de 1844 ri In 

 Lou, On&MWUHKCt, el Arrtlft conctnumt la Colonu ; Almanack tCAIgir 

 puur 1852; Lesur, Annnaire Jliitorii/ur ; Monitcvr Alyfritn.) 



ALGHERO, or AI.GII KIU, a seaport and chief town of the province 

 of Alghero, in the Intendenza of Sassari in the island of Sardinia, is 

 situated on the west coast, 15 miles S.W. from Sassari, and has about 

 8000 inhabitants. The town was founded about the beginning of the 

 12th century, and in 1S53 surrendered to the Aragoneae. The citizens 

 very soon revolted, and overcame their conquerors, but were reduced 



