AI.l'TA 



AM AMI'.AHI. SKHKA DE. 



chief of which it Dunham Hall, th* scat of UM Earl of Stamford and 

 Warrinftoa. (Ora*rod" <* ,- Vmmu*icalio /nm Allrimykam.) 

 A LI' r V. or ALT, a tributary of th* Danube, which rise* in Transyl- 

 vania, in the eastern Carpathian Mountain*, about 46* 40' N*. lat, 

 soura* of tb* Maroa, and S. of Mount TaUirrbago. 

 It* court* i* at first due south through an alpine valley bordered 



Jam) steep rorks for about 60 mil**, to th* n*igbourhood of 

 r*. whence it nm nearly due north for about 20 mile*. It 



change* iu direction again to south-west and west as far as the 



southern environ* of Hermanstadt, wbance it flows southward till it 

 reach** the Carpathian Mountains, through which it make* it* way 

 by th* RuUMn-Thurm Pas* into Wallachia, and join* the Danube on 

 tb* left bank opposite XioopoU. The stream is rapid, and the navi- 

 gation U part* dangerous. The navigation i* chiefly confined to th* 

 Austrian part of th* river. The whole length of its court* i* not less 

 than 250 mil**. It bring* down partial** of gold from the auriferous 

 and* in the neighbourhood of the mountain*. 

 Al.VA. [StlHUXlMHIR*.] 



AI.VAl:. principality in the osntre of I'pper Hinduten, between 

 27* and 2V X. lat, is a well-wooded hilly oountry. It abounds with 

 jangle and with natural fastnesaea, of which advantage has been taken 

 by some of the inhabitant* to carry on a system of predatory incursions 

 into UM neighbouring district*. These people are described as having 

 been formerly exceedingly brutal in their habit* ; and for this reason 

 it was once customary with some of the native chiefs, when at war, to 

 engage their services, in order the more effectually to ravage the 

 oountry of their enemies. The principality is now under the dominion 

 of the Raja of Macherry, whoae sw*y extends over about 3000 square 

 miles : h* ha* been since 1801 under the protection of the British 

 government The chief towns in bis dominions are Alvar, Macherry, 

 and Rajghur : although Macherry gives the title to the raja, Alvar is 

 the capital Sinoe the oountry ha* been under British influence the 

 natives of Alvar, by being more kindly treated, have become less 

 brutal and savage. 



(Renuells Memoir of a Map o/ J7im**w ; Hamilton's <ut India 

 (tm*itttr ; PoHintnmlnry Report*.) 



ALVAR, s large and strongly-fortified town, situated at the baeo of 

 a steep bill, in 27' 32' X. 1st, 76' 44' K. long., 75 miles tS.S.W. from 

 Delhi This town is in the principality of tho same name, and form* 

 at one* the capital and principal residence of the Macherry Raja. On 

 UM summit of the hill at the foot of which Alvar is built, there is a 

 strong fort, 1200 feet above the level of the town. 



A LV A HA DO, a river and town in Mexico, in the State of Vera 

 Crux. The mouth of the river is to the S.K. of the town of Vera Cms, 

 in 18* 45' X. Ut, 98* W. long. Though of a short course, probably 

 not exceeding 100 mile*, much water i* collected in it, a* it flows 

 through a low and swampy oountry, and it* mouth is rather wide ; 

 but it ha* a bar at it* entrance, which generally doe* not admit vessels 

 drawing ten feet of water. But within tho bar the port is of sufficient 

 depth, spacious, and wall ibeltend from northerly winds. The town 

 i* situated on th* left bank of the river, and about 8 miles from it* 

 mouth. It i* badly built, confuting mostly of cane cottages roofed 

 with palm-leaves, and contain* only about 2000 inhabitant*, but 

 carne* o a considerable commerce with Vera Crux ; a* the country 

 south f tb* river ha* numerous plantations of cacao, and produces 

 much rice, both of which article* are sent to the other states of 

 '. Sometimes twenty vesarU or more are found in the harbour. 



AI.V I. (WoHCCSTKUHIKE.] 



ALVKKKTOKK, Hampshire, a village and the seat of a Gilbert 

 Puor-Lsw Incorporation, in the Alventoke and Gosport liberties of 

 UM Parehun division. The parish of Alveratoke is extensive and 

 populous, comprising the port and town of <i>. I..,M. and the 

 bapairi** of Anglesey. Elton, and Porton. The population of the 

 entire pariah in 1841 wa* 13,510; but apart from th* chapelry . f 

 Oosport only 448. In 1851 Alvenrtok* Gilbert Incorporation, whii h 

 I* co-exten*ir* with the parish, and contains an area of 5222 acres, 

 bad a population of 10.W08. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry 

 and dins*** of Winchester. The church i* an ancient edifice ; there 

 is a large Xational school ; also s workhouse, Alventoke is about 

 S mil** from the Oosport terminus of UM South-Western railway. 

 (OaarocT.l 



AI.YTII. Perthshire, Scotland, a tillage and burgh of barony in the 

 parish of Alytb, is situabil in 50* 20' X. Ut, .V 5' W. long., distant 



mile* S.W. from i 



' the entire parish 

 James III. It is 



pan.h of Alyti, i* situated in 5' 20' N. lat, 3' 6 

 about SO mile* X.X.K. from Perth, and 12 mile* ) 

 UM popokoioa of UM village in 1851 wa* IBIfl, of 

 Alyth wa* toad* a burgh of barony by Ji 



[Uy situated on a nuall river running into the Isla, a tribu- 

 Tay. It ha* a .mall market, and aome manufacture* 



tary of tb* . 



of linen and yam. Tb* church i* an ancient gothic building, in good 

 *" r*W *><*. "" ta on* in the neighbour- 

 ' r ^ ***** for Promoting Chrirtian Knowledge. 

 >r . " CBtBIDn "< I'nited Pmbyterian congre- 

 l l | cr4tation ba* exutcd *ino* th. 

 in PoSarahir* It include, tb. for. 

 fameriy a banttergmud of tb* 8ooUi*h kinga. and llarrj- Hill, where 

 ar *D*JM vitrttea raaaio* of fortification*. 



i. 

 lofty 



.- 

 N Ut 43* SI' E. long., in a plain, 



which i* icreened on UM north and aouth by mountain-range* and 

 drained by the Ubara Uiver, which flow* eactward into the Great Zab. 

 The touthern range called Ghara i* high, well-wooded, and in part* preci- 

 pitou* and very difficult of accaaa. It aeparatw* the Amadiyah district 

 from the oountry of the Miaaouri Kurd*. The northern range, which 

 i* al*o well wooded but doe* not aeem to be no high a* the southern 

 one. wparate* the plain of Amadiyah from the extensive valley of 

 Barwari. The plain of Amadiyah U out up into mimmermblo ravine* 

 by th* torrent* which ruh down the mountains into th* Ghara Kiver, 

 by which they are carried to the Zab. It i* well wooded with the 

 gall-boaring oak and with fruit and forett tree*. It coutaini many 

 village*, which were formerly inhabited by Chaldean or Xentorian 

 Chriiitian* and were very flourishing, but many of them have been 

 deaarted by the inhabitant* in order to eaoape the violence of t he 

 Kurd* and the tyranny of their Turkish governors; mot >.i tlh.se who 

 remain have joined the Koman Catholic Church. Ammid the town 

 and the villages are wall-cultivated garden* and orchard*. Tobacco, 

 rice, grain, water-melon*, fruit, and gall-nut* are among the product*, 

 luit Kurdish robberie* and Turkish oppreanion afford little encourage- 

 ment to cultivate the land 



The town i* deecribed by Dr. Layard a* a heap of ruins ; porch?*, 

 baxaan, bath*, and habitation* were laid open to their inmoct receoae* ; 

 every part aeemed cnunbling to ruin, filthy, and nearly deaerted ; for 

 the population at the time of his visit, in August, bad retired to their 

 summer habitation* in the mountain valley*. The fort or castle. 

 U lurrounded by wall* flanked with towers, i* considered of great 

 importance a* a key to Kurdistan and U defended by a small garriaon. 

 Amadiyah wa* formerly n place of considerable, importance and 

 strength and contained a very largo and flourishing population. It 

 wa* governed by hereditary pashas, who traced their deeix-m from the 

 Abbaside Caliph* and were on this account always regarded with 

 religious respect by the Kurds. The ladies of their family enjoyed the 

 title of Khan. Ismail Pasha, the last of these hereditary chiefs 

 defended himself long against the Turk* in hio inaccessible castle, 

 but at last a mine was sprung under a part of the walls, which the 

 Knrdn thought safe from attack, and the place wan taken by assault 

 Amadiyah (which is said to mean ' Town of the Medea') is frequently 

 mentioned by early Arab geographer* and historians, and it* founda- 

 tion in-.st probably dates from a very early epoch. Some have asserted 

 that it was called Ecbatana. To a defaced bas-relief on the rock near 

 tho northern gate Dr. Layard assigns the date of the Arsacian kings. 

 A madiyali is proverbially unhealthy ; fever and agues are very prevalent 

 in summer, at which season the populitt ion remove to the n, iplii 

 mountains, in the valleys of which they live in tents and oxailia, or 

 sheds made with boughs : the population hiu* greatly diminished since 

 the reduction of the place by the Turks. 



(Dr. Layard'i Ninettk and it* Remain* ; < -ne/s Ku/mlition 



to the i vet*.) 



AM AGER, or AMAK, a small island in the Baltic, lying to the south 

 of Copenhagen, with which it is connected by two bridges. It is about 

 9 mile* long and 3 miles broad ; quite level, und without wood or good 

 water. The soil i* fertile, nnd the island .-n 



garden vegetable*, milk, butter, and cheese. A Dutch colony was 

 settled in the eastern part of the inland 1>\ < hii-ti.ni 11. in l.'.lii. The 

 inhabitants in summer send their cattle to pasture on the adjacent 

 low island of Soltholin. The ChriBtianshafn suburb of Copenhagen i* 

 built on the island. Population of the island, exclusive of this suburb, 

 6500. an.] 



AMALKI, n seaporHown in the province of Principato Citro, in thn 

 kingdom . the Two 8i< iliex, is built on the steep A hill 



above the north shore of the'Gulf of i-'iilcrnn. in 



E. long., 24 miles . <!, about 4uno. h, t),,. 



early part of the Middle Ages, Amalfi was a i i h a scanty 



territory, but renowned for it* trade with KK; > East. It 



took part in tho crusades, and its citizens fo no tho 



hospital of > , rn-ali-m. from which I ><! military 



order took it* name. Amalfi was taken about the year 1075 by 

 Robert Quiscsrd and wn* erected into a duchy. William of Apulia, 

 the poet historian, describe* A hut time as the great mart 



for eastern goods, frequ< nvd "by Arabs, Indians Africans, and 

 Sicilian*." The |N>]m!ai Inn uUiut that time in vc exceeded 



60,000. In the sulisequent wars between the Norman* and 

 Innocent II., who was mipported by tho emperor Lothariuis Amultl 

 was taken iu 1187 by the Pisons, who were auxiliaries of the 

 . - Flavin Gioia, a citizen of Amalfi, found out or improved 

 the mariner's compass about the beginning of the 14th century. 

 Amalfi wa* also the birthplace of Masaniello. The present town, 

 though much fallen fr"in it former splendour, xtill retaina Dome 

 trade, and iu inhabitant* art reckoned good mariners. Amn|fl gives 

 x a very an> iral 



AM A M I ' \ 1 i I . - * a chain of mountains, which constitute* 



th* most couth-western ridge of the extensive system of the Bnuilian 

 Mountains. It branulicx .ill fi,,m th,- higher part of the system at the 

 S.'rra Sejada, near 18" 30' K. Ut., 63 W. long., and runs first south-west 

 between the river* that run eastward into the Hio T.-inlu and those 

 that flow westward into the Tacoary, and in this part it bears also 

 th* name of Serra Galliano. Near 20 & hit. and between 56 and 

 .'7 \\ . loug. it inclines southward and continue* in that direction to 



