AMITKRYUM. 



aJfOT. 



for ram of 400,000 gold crown*. Loui* XI. 

 in U8. but 1000 after ceded Amiens to the 

 d* CharafaU. On the death of Charles the Hash, Loui. again 

 the citY and rannexed it to the crown. The Spaniards 

 a| iri -- T - Jnnrr- -* *-' *T " ' T 1 " "" """'' ln 1 ? BT ' 

 but Heari IV. recovered it the following September, after long siege, 

 VnrfcM; which be built the citadel that still remains on the right bank 

 e/th*8omnM. Tne most mportant event connected with th* modern 

 hbterr of the town the misting of the Cingiaai far a treaty of 

 PMO*; which WM signed here bYth* iptesutetiTsa of the French 

 bepablic, Kacland. Spain, and Holland, in 1802. 



AMITKKNUM. [Amcrsia] 



AM LI A. (ALirriAS ISLAND".] 



AMLWCH, Il of Anglesey. a market-town and parliamentary 

 borouch. in the parish of Amlwoh and hundred of Twreelyn, in Mated 

 on thTnorth ooaet of the i-Und. in U' 26' N. lat, 4' !' W. long., 

 M mile. M.S. from Holyfaead, and 28 mile* W.N.W. from ix>ndon : 

 the population of the parliamentary borough in 1851 WM 8169. 

 Jointly with Bewimari*. Holyhead and Llangefni, Amlwch returns 

 one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



Amlwch WM formerly an insignificant fishing Tillage consisting of 

 about six houses; but in consequence of the discovery of the 

 oelobralad oopper-minea in the Parys Mountain it bat become a 

 tnnrishins; town. Ita capacious harbour, cut out of the solid date 

 rock at the expense of the mining companies, U now capable of 

 admitting thirty vessels of 300 tone burden where originally tiiere 

 wa only a cleft or opening too small to receive a single vessel Thin 

 harbour in dry at low water. Tbe church, a spacious edifice capable 

 of accommodating 2000 persons, WM erected in 1800 at the cost of 

 the proprietor* of the Amlwch mined. There are chapels for 

 Independent*, Baptists, and other Dissenters. In the National 

 chool. built in 1830, about 360 children are instructed. There in 

 an excellent literary and scientific inetitutinn, with a library and 

 in The lecture hall WM erected by subscription, to which 

 the noblemen and (entry connected with the locality liberally con- 

 tributed. 



The copper-mine*, which haTe promoted ao materially the prosperity 

 of Amlwch, are situated in the Parys Mountain, nearly two miles 

 from the town. They were discovered in 1768. Tbe Parys mine 

 WM first opened ; and the 2nd of March, the anniversary of the day 

 on which the rein of ore WM found, has ever since been kept as a 

 festival The Mona mine WM soon after opened and worked. 

 mines proved exceedingly profitable. During the most flourishing 

 period it WM computed that from 60,000 to 80,000 tons of ore were 

 annually extracted from them a product probably more than equal 

 to that of the whole of the Cornish mines at the same iwriod. 

 At that time tbe mines gave employment to 1500 workmen. 

 But at a later period the works considerably declined ; and at one 

 time it appeared probable that the works would be gradually 

 discontinued. Now, however, the mines "are worked extensively, 

 though they are nut in a very flourishing state. About 1000 

 persons are employed in them, including 100 who work in the 

 amattrng funaoea." 



It i certain that the Parys Mountain, or it* immediate neighbour- 

 hood, WM at a very early date the scene, if not of successful enter- 

 priM in mining and smelting, at least of trial and experiment; 



d smelting, at lea 

 i supposed by the ft 



i . , ., 



probably M ha* been supposed by the Romans, and before that it may 

 be by tbe Pbosniciane. Long Wore th* present mines were dis- 

 covered, a collection of water* upon the summit of the mountain was 

 known by th* name of th* Mine Pool ; and a hearth for smelting 

 lead, son* pieces of lead and charcoal, and a plate of copper 

 weighing about iOlbs., all found anterior to the opening of the 

 modern mine*, seem to attest that the minerals in tile vicinity of 

 Amlwch astnotuU th* notice of a generation remote from our own. 

 And quite recently there bar* been found several hard stone* so 

 hapod M to snsusi th* purpose of hammer* for breaking the ore ; 

 M well M distinct traces of th* or* having been fused hare In very 

 early tim*s. (CommniemHan frtm Amherk.) 



AM M" NUM. ISIWAII.) 



AMOL, an open Persian town in the province of Macanderan, 

 i on th* Herax, about 12 miles from th* southern shore of the 



CMpian 8*s, in 8- SO' N. 1st, 62* 28' B. long. There I* a bridge of 

 12 arches, and 8 feet in width, over tbe riv*r, the stream of win. h 



is full and rapid. The only interesting building in Amol is the ruin 

 of a mausoleum erected by Hhah AbbM over th* remain* of his 

 ancestor, 8*y*d Quwim-n-desn, irthmiitss called Meer 

 king of Ban* and Amol. who died in 1878. It WM a 

 * of considerabU magnificence, till th* greater part of it was 

 thrown down by an earthquake sarly in the present century. Th-re 

 1 form*rtv other extemiv* ruins in th* tow* and neighK.ii. 1 



thsss the only traces now existing an MOM moulds of earth. 

 l is divided mto*%nt mabnlahs or districts, and in the winter, 

 whs*, it is fullest, may contain from 84,000 to 40,000 inhabitant*. 

 The bouses ar* between 4000 and 6000 in number. The bacaan are 

 lanr and well supplied; but the only traffic carried on is w 

 country and villaM In the immediate vicjnitr. Amol ia the capital 

 <* a government of th* sajMnama, whish yistoa a revenue of between 



HI*. .pMi.su. doe, to tbe town 



me 



<* a government of th* sajMna 

 rOOOtMdIOooi. steria*T. Tha 



on the south. A good road runs north-eastward through a level well- 

 cultivated country to Balfrush, and is continued southward from Amol 

 up the valley of the Herat, along the eastern base of the Peak of 

 Demarend to Teheran. 



AMOOD, a pergunnah belonging to the East India Company, in tbe 

 province of Qnjerat, in a narrow strip, abont SO miles long by 8 mile* 

 A i.|. . lying along tbe eastern shore of tbe Gulf of Cambay, and 

 partitioned in unequal proportions among 44 villages. Rather more 

 than half of the land is under cultivation ; a large portion of that 

 which is considered unproductive consists of an extensive salt-flat, 

 which lies along the north-western boundary of the pergnnnah, 

 adjoining the sea. The only port, Oundhar, is situated in this quarter; 

 it* trade is now insignificant, although the town must at some remote 

 period have been a considerable place, M appears from the extensive 

 niin* around it The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in making 

 { salt The soil of Amood is in general fertile, and produce* good 

 ' crops. Cotton is produced in considerable quantity. Antelope* 

 abound. 



Every foot of laud in this and the other pergunnahs of the province 

 belongs to some one or other of the villsges of which the pergnnnah 

 is composed. The strict attention paid to the preservation of their 

 boundaries by the inhabitant* of every village is remarkable. These 

 boundaries are commonly marked by strips of land 20 to 80 yard* 

 in breadth, which im> left waste : and though they are sometimes 

 ploughed up by common consent, the line remains as fully recognised 

 as if it bore the most visible marks. Every pergunnah has its own 

 hereditary officers of revenue and record, and every village has its 

 establishment of public servants. (Parliamentary Report, 1832.) 



AMOOKTA. [ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.] 



AMOT, an island and city on the eastern coast of China, opposite 

 the Island of Formosa in the province of Fo-Kien. The city is 

 situated in 24 10' N. lat, and about 118 EX long. The island ia 

 described by Mr. Fortune as very hilly and barren, mostly presenting to 

 view nothing but bare rocks and gravelly sand, without a vestige of 

 vegetation ; but here and there in ravines and valleys are comparatively 

 fertile spots on which sweet potatoes, earth-mite, rice, and other staple 

 productions are grown. 



Amoy, according to Dr. Macpherson and Sir H. (now Lord) Gongh, is 

 a principal third-class city, with an excellent harbour, and from it* 

 central situation well adapted for commerce. It is a great emporium 

 for trade, and has constant communication with Singapore, the Island 

 of Formosa, the ports on the east coast of China, Manilla, Bangkok, 

 and other great trading ports. Amoy consists of an outer and an 

 inner town, separated by a chain of rocks, over which a paved road 

 1 1 rough a pass with a gateway at it* summit The outer town 

 is skirted by the outer harbours, while tbe inner town, or city proper, 

 : - I'.iunili-il partly by a wall and partly by the inner harbour and an 

 [estuary, which deeply indent the island. Including the outer town 

 and north-east suburbs, Amoy is said to be 8 or 10 miles in ci 

 ference. The citadel, which commands the suburbs and the inner 

 town, is a mile in circuit, and is surrounded by a turreted wall from 

 20 to 26 feet in height The entrance into the inner harbour, which 

 is above a mile in length and strongly fortified, is by a channel 600 

 yards across between the island of Ko-lang-su and Amoy. The 

 harbour is excellent and commodious, ships loading and discharging 

 their cargoes close to the quays. The chief manufactures of the town 

 are porcelain, grass-cloths, umbrellas, paper, &c. ; tin--.-, with congo 

 tea ii nd sugar-candy, are the principal exports. The imports are 

 composed of rice, sugar, camphor, raw cotton, cotton-twist, and long- 

 cloths of British manufacture, ic. These products are conveyed into 

 the interior up the rivers by the native merchants. The legal 

 trade was estimated by the resident British consul in 1847 at 

 , and the opium trade at 250.000/. : the accounts for 1848 

 showed an apparent decrease on the regular trade ; but smuggling 

 was carried on extensively, the value of smuggled goods imported 

 during the year being estimated at 80,000t In 1849, 67 ]\< 

 ships entered the harbour with freights of British produce from 

 Canton, Hong-Kong, and Singapore, amounting in value t<> 'Jl'- 

 the value of the goods exported in these vessel*, chiefly to Singapore 

 nn.l Shanghai, WM 45,2!<7/. In the same year 11 Spanish vessels 

 from Manilla, 6 Dutch from Java, 3 American, 1 Danish, 2 

 PniMrian, 1 Portuguese, and 2 Siamese vessels entered tbe harbour, 

 and traded to the amount of 93,2832. These items refer only to the 

 foreign' ;-...!' tin- opium traffic ; the native trade, wliieh 



U carried on in largo junks, some of 800 tons burden, is very extensive ; 

 of it* amount we know nili 



Amoy is describe*! l.y Mr. Fortune M one of the dirtiest towns he ha/1 

 ever seen m China or elsewhere. The streets are very narrow and teem . 

 with inhabitant*. Charcoal fires cooking all sorts of messes are seen 

 burning in all din><-ti<iiis. The inner town or city is regularly fortified ; 

 .tains but few inhabitant* compared with the rest 

 'own ; it is however more open ami generally cleaner. It 

 contain* several large public buildings, well-supplied shops, and good 

 private hoiwra. The suburbs are rather pretty, but the roads are 

 mcrr footpath*, a* the Oiinn* never drive anything like carts or 

 carriage* here. All <.f them mem to be pedestrians. On a hill 

 MI! ..f the town is a cemetery covering many acres of ground, ami 

 flllv| with grave*. This will give an idea of the population 



