OYR. 



ANATOLIA. 



i 



and patrimony of tint Hw"""* dynasty at present reigning in 



ANADYR. river of Siberia, rises nearly on the Arctic Circle, in a 

 lake among the A I.Ian Mountains, which U traToned by 173" K. lung. 

 It Brst run* for about 400 miles in a west-south-west direction ai far 

 as 164* B. lung., and then sweep* round to the east, and continue! in 

 Ikk direction to iu mouth in the Bay of Anadyr, a gulf of the Sea 

 of KamtchaUa. The whole oourae of thk river in 600 mile*. 



Tho country which U traversed by the Anadyr u almost entirely 

 eovend with roofer, naked, and barren hills, aometimei ruing to the 

 height of mountain* An the winter huts about nine month*, and all 

 thin time the ground U frozen and covered with mow, even the patches 

 of low ground along the river are not available for the rearing of cattle ; 

 and the rain-deer and the dog are the only domestic animal* of the 

 nation* which inhabit thk corner of the world. The rein-dew in a 

 wild state i* Tery numerous, distinguished by its spotted skin, and 

 fcrm* the mot important object of chnae with the inhabitant*. The 

 greatest part of the population inhabit* the country about the mouth 

 of the river, and the small bays in it* neighbourhood, where the vast 

 number* of fih, morses, and other marine animals afford them abundant 

 food. Them people hare fixed habitations ; but those who live on tin- 

 produce of their herds of rein-deer and of the chose wander about 

 like the Laplander*. 



The country on the north of the river U inhabited by the Tshukshe*, 

 who, according to Captain Cook, are not of a diminutive size, a* was 

 formerly believed, but rather tall, well made, and ttrong. They have 

 defended themselves with valour and sucoea* against the Russians, and 

 are not obliged to pay a tribute like the other nation* of Siberia. To 

 the south of the Anadyr, there is another nation, the Korakes, who 

 are wither so tall, nor so well made a* the Tshukshes, nor so brave. 

 They are subject to the Russian*, and obliged to pay an annual tribute. 

 '.M. an episcopal town of above 6000 inhabitant*, in the 

 Campagna di Roma, stands on a hill above the valley of the Sacco, 

 near the Via Latins, in the middle of a fertile district, 32 mile* K.S. K. 

 from Rome. It i* the residence of many noble families, but U an 

 in-built place. Pope Bonifacio VIII. was bom here, and here he was 

 taken prioner by Sciarra Colonna in 1308. 



The town occupies the site of the ancient A naynia, the chief city 

 of the Hernici. Anagnia was an ally of Rome from the time of 

 Tulhu Hostilius till B.C. 306, when the citizens, holding a congress of 

 the Hernican nation in the circus below the town, declared war against 

 the Romans, by whom they were defeated. The city was styled " the 

 wealthy" by Virgil. It* territory was ravaged both by Pyrrhus and 

 Hannibal Under the empire, Anagnia was a municipal town of 

 considerable importance. There are still a few Roman remains. The 

 see was founded in A.D. 487. Valens, the general of Vitellius, was a 

 native of Anagnia. 



A X AH L" AC is a term frequently used as synonymous with Mexico ; 

 but, at the discovery of America, it was properly applied to the countries 

 lying between 14* and 21 N. lat, and comprehended, besides the 

 Mexican empire of Montezuma, the republic* of Tlascala and Cholula, 

 and the kingdoms of Tezcuco and Michoacan. The high table-land 

 of Mexico is now sometimes called the plain of Anahuao. 



A N.VMI'R, the ancient AntatHrium, a the most southern point of 

 Asia Minor, and described by Strabo as the nearest point of the main- 

 land to Cyprus. It is in 36* 2' N. lat, 32 50' K. long. " Cape 

 Anainotir terminates in a high bluff knob, one side of which ia inac- 

 osssible ; the other ha* been well fortified by a castle and outworks, 

 placed on the summit, from whence a wall flanked with towers descends 

 to the shore, and separates it from the rest of the promontory." There 

 ars two channels cut in the rock, several mile* in length, and on different 

 levels, which supply the modern castle of Anamur, on the eastern 

 side of the Cape, with water ; where the channels are continued across 

 the ravines, they rest on arches. Within the precinct* of the castle 

 are remains of two theatre* ; and beyond the walls a great numlx-i- 

 of detached tombs, each constructed of two chambers, with arched 

 roof*. A city of Anemurium i* mentioned by Pliny (v. 27), of which 

 there still exist some traces. (Beaufort's Karamnnia.) 



\ PA, a seaport-town and fortress of Russian Circawua, situated 

 on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, in 44 55' X. lat, 37 in' K. l..n K , 

 30 miles N. from the harbour of Sudjuk-Kalc', and about 30 mile* 

 8JJ.E. from the mouth of the Kulnn : population, exclusive of the 

 garrison, about 3000. It was founded by the Turks in 1 784 , to protect 

 their Tartar subjects on the left bank of the Kuban, as also to keep 

 up their relations with the Caucasian tribes. The products of 

 <irnasia soon began to circulate through Anapa, as they did formerly 

 through Tuuan, which was then recently occupied by the Russians. 

 Them k no harbour, but only a roadstead at Anapa. Tin- im|>oru 

 an cotton and woollen cloths, steel ware, nails, glass, salt, A 

 * ox, buffalo, and cow hides ; bare skins, furs ; tallow, wax, ic. 

 Anapa is built on a projecting crag, the most north- 

 of the Caucasian Mountains. The surface k smooth 



western extremity . 



>p '""> "> "> extended plain on the north and east towards 



the Kuban. The walk towards the sea are 426 yards long, and the 



satire circumference exceeds 2 miles. To the south-west the walls are 



built upon a calcareous rock, which rues 65 yard* pet 



aboT. the sea. Towards the roadstead, which k on the * 



of the town, the white elife that lin. the shore subside. Some bastion* 



and a ditch defend the fortress on the side of the plain. During the 

 Turkish possession of the place, about one-third of the space inclosed 

 by the fortifications was occupied by 200 shops, several coffee-houses, 

 and cabins built of wood, hurdles, and mud. It was ill built, irre- 

 gularly laid out, and had a very turbulent population ; but it U said 

 to have improved in every respect under the Russians. 



A body of 8000 Russian troops made an unsuccessful attempt to 

 take Anapa in 1790 ; in the next year it was taken by assault by 

 General Ooudovitch, though defended by 10,000 Turks and 15,000 

 mountaineers. It was soon after restored to Turkey, but the Russian* 

 seized it again in 1807 and in 1809. It was again restored to Turk 

 the treaty of Bucharest The Russians finally took Anapa, June 23, 

 1828, after an obstinate defence, and hare since held it. 



AX. \TOI.IA, from ij-aroX^, ' eart/ is a geographical term which 

 originated under the Byzantine empire, and was used to designate the 

 country that lay east of Constantinople. The term is fre<{ 



d as the modern synonym of the peninsula of Asia V 

 In the divisions of the country as they are recognised by some writers, 

 however, the term Anatolia (written ako Natolia and Anadoli) has a 

 more restricted sense, and is applied to the west and north-west of 

 Asia Minor, including the whole territory west of the Halys, the 

 Karajah-Dagh, and the continuing range as far as Lake Iber, where 

 the boundary runs south-west to the neighbourhood of Lake Chat-dak, 

 and thence nearly southward, terminating near the mid-point of the 

 Lycian coast, opposite the isle of Kastelorizo. Tli. i, .r.h ....-; 

 peninsula is on maps called Roimi, and the south-east Karamania. 

 In the east Rum (pronounced Room) is the common name of Asia 

 Miimr. In the present article, Anatolia will be considered as 

 representing the whole of the peninsula in western Asia, lying 

 between 86* and 42 Jf. lat, 26 and 40 E. long.; and bounds! N. l.y 

 the Euxine or Black Sea, W. by the .Ggean or Archipelago, the 

 Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus; and S )>y the 

 Mediterranean and Syria, from which last it is separated by the .', 

 Mountains and for a short distance by the Euphrates. The eastern 

 boundary is not a natural one, and it is very complicated. Leaving 

 the Euphrates at a short distance above the town of Someisat, the 

 ancient Samoeata, it runs for some way eastward from that river, and 

 then sweeps round to the north-north-wegt till it meets the Murad, 

 down which it runs to tin- junction of the Kiiru-Su ; from this |x>iut 

 it takes a north-east direction for a few miles, along the Munsur-l)agh 

 (9000 feet high), which lies near the left bank of the Karii-Sn . 

 turning north-north-west it crosses this river and strikes the watershed 

 between the Euphrates and the Yexhil-Iruiak, near 89 45' N. lat, 

 39 E. long.; whence after several bends to the north-east ai, 

 the boundary reaches the Almali-Dagh and the high-lands connected 

 with them, and running north-eastward reaches the Black Sea a little 

 east of Trebizond. 



The length of the peninsula from the junction of the Murad and 

 Kara-Su, nearly on the parallel of 39 N. hit, to the coast oppOM 

 island of Mitylene, is 670 miles ; thu may be taken as the average 

 length from east to west The breadth from the bead of the Onlf of 

 Iskenderun to the port of Samsun, the ancient Amisus, is 300 miles ; 

 and this line Major Reunell adopted for the eastern limit uf the 

 peninsula; the distance between the head of the (iulfofAd.il 

 the mouth of the Sakariych, the ancient Sangarius, is also SOU 

 Between the two lines thus indicated the breadth increases to 420 ; 

 but the average may be taken at 320 mile*. The area, not including 

 the numerous island* round the coast, exceeds 200,000 square 

 and the population is supposed to be about 5,000,000. 



Aiieimt Namtt, Modern JMruioai, Ac. The name Asia Minor 

 ( Affla q Murfxi) came into general use in the 4th century, and served to 

 distinguish the peninsula from tho Greater Asia ('Atria fi yiiyd\ri), 

 which comprised the countries that lie east of a line drawn from the 

 head of the Gulf of Issua to the Euxine, near Tivbi/.ond. The early 

 Greek colonists who settled on the coasts of the peninsula, spoke of a 

 Lower Asia, which comprised that part of Asia Minor west of the 

 Halys, and was nearly coimM. nt with t!. f Anadoli, 



mentioned above; and of an Upper Asia, whi. I, included the rext 

 of the peninsula and all Asiatic countries east of the Halys. 

 Asia Minor was known to the later Greeks under the names of 'its 

 divisions Myaia, Lydia, and Carin, "ti tin- \v. st ; I :h\lia 



with 1'imdia, and the south; Ilitlruiia, I'aphla^on 



Pontis, on the north ; and I'l.ryKm, Galatia, nnd Cn]>|>adocin, in the 

 centre. The Greeks established colonies and built towns on all the 

 three coasts of the peninsula, but their occupation was most compli tu 

 and continuous on the west side. Here were the districts of /Koli, 

 uid the little Dorian confederation of ( 'aria. The several ancient 

 ]. liti. :il divisions are noticed und> r their separate heads. The Romans, 

 nndi T the designation of Asia intrn Tarn HIM. or Asia within tho Taurus 

 M'.iiiitainn. included all that part of the p<-mn-nla to the ni< 

 !. fli west of this mountain-range, whilst the mnaindfr of the country. 

 and all the rest of Ask, was comprehended under the name of Asia 

 extra Tun rum, or Asia beyond tho Taurus. The islands belom 

 Asia Minor were fi.rmud into a province (Provincia Insularum) by 

 Vespasian: iu the time of Constantino tho | impriasa 53 



inland*, with Rhodes for metropolis. In the administrate <li 

 f tin' Tuik- the islands have always formed a SSMJ .im-nt 



called Djizair (that is, ' islands' ), of which Rhodes is the capital. 



