ANA! 



ANATOLIA. 



Ml 





i the Bakariveh. The bJfbt at the plateau near Angora i* 

 ^ fort above tb. lerW of tke ..a, and a. {. one of thejow**t 

 UM ararag* height of the .unwinding teble-land* may be fixed 

 b.Una 8000 and 4000 feet They are consequently nl-.ut 2000 feet 

 Lj ih, n the plateau of the great central teble-land, the average 

 elevation of which ha been estimated at from 5000 to 6000 feet ; and 

 are 8000 feet higher than the teble-land* that occupy the 

 margin of the peninsula along the Black Sen. It would 

 Mem that the part of Asia between the Black Sea in the 

 north and the Taunm in the south i* composed of three terrace*, 

 which we may call the Euxine, the Oalatian, and Phrygo-Capjiadocian 

 terrace*. The bed* of the rivers which originate on the Galatian 

 terrace and descend through the Euxine terrace to the sea, are not 

 (ao far a* we know) Interrupted by steep tramvene barrier*, so a* to 

 make the water* flow down in cascades, whence we may conclude that 

 the ascent to the terrace* i* gradual 



The tract between Angora and the upper part of the Sakanyeh, 

 and thence westward a* far a* Mount Olympua, i* very little known, 

 except in ite outh-we.torn part, which is traversed by the great road 

 from Constantinople to Kutehiyeh and Koniyeh, which pane* over a 

 high plateau of barren aspect The same character prevails in the 

 middle district, between Kutahiyeh and the left bank of the 

 Sakariyeh. with the exception that the eastern part, between Oerma 

 and Angora, contain* large plain* and some valleys, where the clayey 

 oil i* well cultivated. Chain* have been seen there stretching from 

 past to west The highest portion of this teble-land seems to be 

 between Sewri-Hisar and Kutahiyeh, where the river Sakariyeh is 

 supposed to have ite origin. 



In the western part of the peninsula, the Morad-Dagh ha* been 

 described a* the western promontory of the midland system of 

 mountains, and the centre from which several high range* stretch 

 went and north. A lofty and wooded chain connects it with the 

 Olympus of Brnsa, separating the fertile valley of the Edrenos from 

 the barren teble-land of Kutahiyeh. A *econd chain branches west 

 under the names of Ak-Dagh (8000 feet) and Demirji-Dagh, and 

 terminate* with Mount Ida; two parallel branches of this chain 

 stretch north ; they are the watersheds between the Edrenos aixl tli, 

 Simaul, and between thi* river and the small watercourses that flow 

 into the Hellespont A third chain runs first south, and then west, 

 forming a barrier between the Ghiediz and the Mendereh, or Mtcander. 

 The western part of this chain branches, and forms the Kizil.ja-Mus.-i- 

 Dagh, the ancient Tmolu* (4500 feet) in the north, and the Kestane- 

 Dagh, the ancient Messogis (4500 feet), in the south, which screen the 

 basin of the little Mendereh. The Baba-Dagh, a lofty chain that rises 

 south of the Mannder, belong* to the Taurus range, as mentioned 

 above its height must be very great, since Fellows saw its snowy 

 summit from the high table land near Kutahiyeh, a distance of 150 

 mile* The tract between the Baba-Dagh and the Morad-Dagh is a 

 high teble-land, though not so high a* the great central table-land ; 

 anil it seems to be an intermediate terrace between that tract and the 

 leas elevated plateaus on the western coast Ite general aspect is 

 barren, whole districts being covered with sand and fragment* of 

 volcanic prcducta ; basaltic cone* rise everywhere, marble is abundant, 

 limestone occurs generally, and in many place* the surface of the 

 teble-land is undulating. This circumstance gives additional strength 

 to the hypothesis thai the central table-land was once a lok, 

 Morad-Dagh with ite eastern chains, the Sultan-Dsgh and the Emir- 

 Dagh, and ite western continuations the Ak-Dagh and Demirji-Dagh, 

 cmuut of schistose and metaznorphic rocks ; most of the trachytic 

 outbreak* occur on this line ; the peak* * generally trachytic or 

 baaaltic rock*, and traces of former eruptions are very numerous. The 

 ..K-m. by which the Morad-Dagh i* connected with the Olympus, and 

 between which the river Edreno* flows, begin in the south with trap 

 dykes which have bunt through crystalline limestone and yellow schist, 

 traversed by numerous vein* of quart* ; farther north the acclivities 

 how cliffs of white cretaceous limestone, with a horizontal stratification 

 containing fossil fresh-water tertiary shells. Mount Olympus 1s 

 supposed to consist of plutonic rock*, which are indicated at ite 

 m and western foot by bed* of limestone penetrated to some 

 distance by quartzose granitic vein* ; the limestone i* of the scaglia 

 formation. Towards the lower part of the river Edrenos there are 

 greeiiUh trachytic rock*. 



The general character, of the geology of the peninsula, *ays 

 Hamilton, are simple. The eastern extremltie. consist of trachytic 

 rock*, which toward, the weet are succeeded and partly overlafd by 

 black volcanic breccia and peperite, containing angular fragment* of 

 trap or trachyte. The wertwn part of the peninsula consists of 

 calearrou* rock* which Mem to belong to the scaglia or cretaceous 

 formation. 



All thaw are horizontal, and the lower portion i. a hard compact 

 caglia like that of Greece and the Ionian island*. This (the lower 

 bard portion) contain* no (barfl*, but I* overlaid by beds 80 or 40 feet 

 thick, containing a great variety of shell*, amongst which are Corb*la 

 and MoJiot*. The bed* vary considerably in hardness, and some are 

 



llrdngr*fkf\. Ktrtrt. Premising that the words So. 

 Irmak (mtrinirg water or river, and very frequently tued in tho 

 nomenclature of Turkish riven) are bars generally omitted as forming 



no essential part of the name, we proceed to enumerate the rivers of 

 Alia Minor, from the Gulf of Iskenderun west along the coast 

 Mediterranean, ftc. 



The Jihun (ancient Pyramus) ha* ite source* north of Marash in 

 the eastern extremity of the Taurus, flow* *outh-wect through a 

 narrow valley, along the western base of the Durdun-Dagh, at the 

 ' y of which it takes a sudden turn eastward, and falls into 

 :hc Bay of Ayax, in the Gulf of Iskenderun. Ite ancient course fn in 

 ;he point where it turns east wa* south-west and south-east, and ite 

 r ormer month may still be traced near Cape Kara-Tash at the entrance 

 of the gulf. Ite whole length is above 100 mile*. Ite UJIJKT j>art is 

 confined between steep rocks: it reaches the plain of Adana in 

 87* N. Int., but the hills of the Durdun-Dagb accompany it as far 

 down as Mount Minis. The lower p...-: of the Jihun U navigable 



The sources of the Sihun, the ancient Saras, are in the central 

 table-land in 87' 48' N. lat, 84 25' E. long. ; ite course is south-east 

 through the Cilician defile* of the Taurus, and then south-west till it 

 reaches the Mediterranean in 36* 44' N. lat, 84 53' E. long. It 

 Lhe plain of Adana above this town, and is navigable in ite lower part. 

 The whole length is about 100 miles. The courses of these two 

 rivers are very imperfectly known; they receive numerous feeder* 

 from the mountains among which they flow. 



The Tersus (ancient Cydnu*), a small river, originates near the 

 southern entrance of the Cilician pas*, on a plateau of 38'" 

 elevation, and after a southern course of 46 miles, empties iteelf into 

 the sea, a little wet of the mouth of the Sihun, and a few miles 

 south of Tersus, the ancient Tarsus. 



The Gok (ancient CalycadnusV ha* ite source in the Taurus, in 

 about 87 N. lat ; it drains the western part of Cilicia, and after a 

 south-eastern course of about 65 miles through a mountainous tract, 

 joins the sea a little below Selefkeh, the ancient Seleucia. 



Among the rivers mentioned by the ancienta in Pamphylia are the 

 Eurymedon (now the Kopri), which is described by Fellows as a 

 river; the Cc.-tnis (now the Ak) ; and the Caturactes (now tli, Du.l.nl. 

 Some watercourses that have been observed on the oentrol 

 north of the Taurus, which flow from west to east, are .- 

 be their ru*|>uutive sources. It is not unlikely that tin- I 

 in formed by the southern outlet of the Lake of Egerdir 

 before, and that it is swelled by the waters of Lake Soghla after 

 they have forced their way through subterranean passages across the 

 Taurus ; for the volume of the water of the Eurymedon is too large for 

 a river the length of which would not exceed 60 geographical miles, 

 if ite sources lay only in or a little beyond the great range of the 

 Taurus. 



The Xanthus, now Echen, the chief river of Lycia, has ite sources 

 in the snowy range of the Taurus, and flows due south as far as Horan, 

 where it receives, on the left, a tributary of about 25 miles length, 

 and much longer than the portion of the main stream abov< 

 point From Horan tho river winds through a beautiful 

 between wooded hills and picturesque rocks in a south direction 

 with a slight western inclination ; and a little below the ruins of the 

 ancient city of Xanthus it turns abruptly west, and falls into the sea 

 after a course of about 50 miles. Below Horan it is crowed by a fine 

 bridge of 5 arches. 



The next river to the Xanthus U the Dolomon, which is the ancient 

 Calbis. The port of it visited by Fellows flows in a deep ravine 

 through a plateau 6000 feet high. Ite course, which at first ia from 

 east to west, soon becomes south-west, but nearly tin- whole of it U 

 unknown, except the part near ite mouth, it little north-west of Cape 

 Ghiuazi, where Fellows had much trouble in crossing it Tho whole 

 length is nearly 100 miles. 



Meuduruh, or Macandtr, springs from a small lake f 

 subaqueous springs, and surrounded by steep and lofty mountain*, m 

 38 N. lat, 80 20' E. long., in a chain (Mous AulooreuM) stretching 

 from east to west towards the Baba-Dagh, and bordering the elevated 

 plains of Dinair. The town of Dinair (the ancient Apamea Cibotus), 

 is close by, and in ite environs is the spot in the plain where Marsyas 

 paid so dearly for his presumptuous rivalry "'' Apollo ^euophou, 

 ' Anabasis,' i. 2) ; but the cavern where Apollo hung up the akin of 

 hi* rival seems to have fallen in. The course of thi* river is 28 miles 

 north-west, through the high plain of Dinair; 18 miles south-west, 

 and 23 miles north and north-west, partly through high plains, partly 

 through a deep rocky valley ; 126 miles west-south-west, in numerous 

 windings through a beautiful valley that becomes wider and more 

 fertile us it approaches the ooat Ite tributaries are, on tho right, 

 the Sandukli, which oome* from the aouth-oastorn continuation of 

 the Morad-Dagh, and the Sanaa, 57 mile, long, which rises at the foot 

 of the Morad-Dagh, and joins the Masander where this nver begin* 

 ite regular we*touth-we*t course. The Kopli, a smaller river, join* 

 theBana* immediately above ite junction with the Meander. On 

 the left, the feeders are the Choral (the ancient Lycus), a small river 

 flowiniTfrom east to west ; the Kara-Su, a still smaller stream, 

 oomeTdown from the Baba-Dagh; and the Chinar (the n: 

 Marsvas) the sources of which are about 40 miles south-south-east 

 from ite junction with the Maander, in the western continuation of 



The Little Mendoreh, the ancient Cayrter, ha* ite source in the 



