ANATOLIA. 



ANATOLIA. 



334 



angle between the KestanevDagh (Messogis) in the south, and the 

 Kizilja-Musa-Dagh (Tmolus) in the north. It falls into the Gulf of 

 Scala Nuova, after a western course of 69 miles. 



The Kodus or Ghiediz, the ancient Hermus, has its sources in the 

 Morad-Dagh, south-east of the town of Ghiediz ; ita course is 23 miles 

 west, 41 miles south-west, 115 miles in a generally west direction, and 

 17 miles south-south-west, till it falls into the Bay of Smyrna, which 

 it loads with its clayey and sandy deposits. In its upper part, the 

 only river of consequence that joins it on the left is the ancient 

 Cogamus, the source of which is in 29" E. long., and its mouth a little 

 east of Sart, which marks the site of the ancient Sardis. It joins the 

 Hermus after a north-west course of 50 miles, through a beautiful and 

 highly cultivated valley. Immediately to the west of Sart flows the 

 Pactolua, celebrated for its golden sands. Opposite Sart, not far from 

 the right bank of the Hermus, is the Gygcan Lake ; and between this 

 and the river the numerous tumular monuments of ancient Lydian 

 kings. This group of tombs is called by the Turks Ben Tepeh, or 

 the Thousand Hills. On the right, the Hermus receives hi its upper 

 part the Aiueh and the Demir (the ancient Hyllus), and hi its lower 

 part it receives the Ak. The middle part of the Hermus, between 

 the mouth of the Cogamus and the sudden turn which it makes near 

 its mouth to the south, is very imperfectly known. 



North of the Hermus are the Bakir, the ancient Caicus ; the Tu/.lu, 

 which is the Satnioeis, and the Mendereh, the famous Scamander, 

 flowing west ; the Kojah, which represents the ancient Grauicus, and 

 the Ghonen, which seems to be the jEsepus, flowing north into the Sea 

 iff M. nil IT*. 



The most important river which flows into the Sea of Marmara is 

 the Edrenos, the ancient Rhyndacus, which is formed by the junction 

 of two rivers. One of them, the Rhyndacus, or Edrenos Proper, 

 originates in the lofty chain which connects the peaks of Morad-Dagh 

 and Ak Dagh, and after a winding north-west course through a beau- 

 tiful valley falls into the large lake of Abullionte (Apollonias) ; it 

 issues from the northern corner of this lake, and empties itself into 

 the gulf of Mudanieh or Cios, after a course of 140 miles. The other 

 branch is the Susugherli, the ancient Macestus, which comes from 

 Simaul, at the foot of the Ak-Dagh, where it is called the Simaul : 

 it flows west for 69 miles, and north for 80 miles, and joins the 

 Rhyndacus, a little below the point where it issues from the lake of 

 Abullionte. The Rhyndaciu also receives on its left bank the Kara- 

 Dere, the outlet of the great lake Maniyas, the ancient Melitopolitis. 

 Between the Rhyndacus and the Sakariyeh there are only small rivers, 

 the Nilufer or Lufer, near Brusa, and the outlet of the lake of Iznik, 

 the ancient Ascania, which is 10 miles long and 4 miles wide. 



The Satariyeli, the ancient Sangarius, is the second in magnitude 

 of the rivers of the peninsula. It sources are on the high table-land, 

 south-east of Kutahiyeh. Its general course is north-east till it ia 

 joined by the river Enguri or Angora, which flows westward, draining 

 the mountainous tract round Angora. From this junction down to 

 its mouth, the river has been seen by European travellers only at a 

 few places. Ita general course however is known. After receiving the 

 Enguri, the river flows north-westward towards the lake Iznik, as far 

 nearly as 30" E. long. ; it then takes a general northern direction between 

 the Karam-Ali-Dagh and the Gok -Dagh, and continues on this course to 

 its mouth in the Black Sea, in 41 8' N. lat., 30 42' E. long. The most 

 western part of the river is in about 30 10' E. long., and not far from 

 this point the stream is fordable at a place called Surkiui, that is 

 ' t'</r I.' From a point in the lower part of ita course, where it bends 

 eastward for a short distance, the river formerly ran northward, and 

 the old bed is still visible. A fine bridge of ancient construction, 

 1087 feet in length, leads across the old bed, in which a small arm 

 of the Sakariyeh still flows north. Near this spot the main branch in 

 crossed by a wooden bridge. Near Kiwa or Geiwa, where there is a 

 bridge over the river, and where the great roads from Constan- 

 tinople and Iznik to Angora meet, the Sakariyeh flows for 13 miles 

 through a gloomy intricate defile, with high and rugged precipices 

 rising perpendicularly on both sides. The summits of the mountains 

 are covered with excellent timber, oak, beech, sycamore, and ash. The 

 Saugarius, Kiuneir says, is in general about 100 yards wide (near Kiwa), 

 contains an immense body of water and flows with very great rapidity. 

 The river, at the wooden bridge above mentioned, is 372 feet wide, 

 with an ordinary depth of 2 feet, and a current of about 8 miles an 

 hour ; it is occasionally subject to considerable freshets. The principal 

 tributaries of the Sakariyeh, besides the Enguri, are, on its left bank, the 

 Pursek, the ancient Thymbrius, which comes from the Morad-Dagh, 

 ;an 1 nfter a northern and north-eastern course of about 57 miles, passing 

 by Kutahiyeh and Egki-Scheher (Dorylscum), joins the Sakariyeh about 

 11 miles below this town ; and the Yenisheher, which joins the main 

 river near Geiwa, after a north-eastern course of 57 miles ; it comes 

 from the Olympus of Brusa, The Kermis, which flows south-west 

 from the Ihik-Dagh, falls into the Sakariyeh on its right bank, a few 

 miles west of the junction of the Enguri, after a course of 40 miles. 

 The length of the Sakariyeh is about 250 milt-*. 



The mouth of the Filiyas, the ancient Billicus, is in 41 20' N. lat., 



2 6' E. long. Its lower part has been visited by Ainsworth, who 

 describes it as a noble river flowing through a most beautiful valley, 

 from south to north. We know nothing of it* upper part except a 

 portion of it near Zafaran Boli where there is a wooden bridge over 



it. It rises in the Boli-Dagh, along the northern base of which it runs 

 eastward under the name of the Hamamli for about 70 miles, and 

 then breaking through a range which has hitherto screened its left 

 bank, it flows north-west, receiving the Saghanli about 7 miles west 

 of Zafaran-Boli. From this point the river flows west, and afterwards 

 turns to the north. A little east of the mouth of the Filiyas the 

 Chati, the ancient Partheuius, enters the Black Sea. Of the course of 

 this river we know nothing. 



The Kizil, the ancient Halys, is the largest river of the peninsula. 

 Its sources are in the Gemin-Beli-Dagh, in 40 N. lat., 37 40' E. long., 

 in the northernmost part of the second or Phyrgo-Cappadocian terrace. 

 The river at first flows south, but it soon takes a south-west direction, 

 which it pursues for about 170 miles, through a picturesque valley, 

 along the northern border of the great central table-laud. This part 

 of its course is known only in part. In 38 40' N. lat., 34 4' E. long, 

 it turns north-west, with some western bends, and flows in that direction 

 as far as 40 N. lat., 33 34' E. long., for about 86 miles. This part is 

 likewise imperfectly known. Thence it flows on a general north-eastern 

 course as far as Osmanjik, for 115 miles : this part is much better 

 known. From Osmanjik ita course is supposed, and has partly been 

 observed, to be west for about 23 miles, and thence north-east for about 

 34 miles, as far as the defile of Kara-Tepe, a narrow pass overhung by 

 huge precipices. A portion of this pass is formed by a bend of the 

 maui river, and another portion by the valley of the Gok, called here 

 Costambul. From this spot the river flows south-east for 17 miles, 

 thence north-east for about 46 miles, and empties itself into the Black 

 Sea by two navigable channels, near 41 43' N. lat, 36 E. long. The 

 whole length of the river is about 500 miles. The Kizil brings down in 

 its freshets a great deal of mud, the deposition of which has formed a 

 delta, and a long flat alluvial tract in the last portion of its course. 

 Its waters discolour the sea for 6 or 7 miles from the embouchure. 

 We know of no considerable tributaries to this river except the Gok 

 (ancient Amuias), which rises in the mountains west of Kastamuni, 

 and has an eastern course of about 81 miles, through a fertile well- 

 cultivated valley, bordered by high rocks. The Kizil does not appear 

 to be adapted for regular navigation by large craft ; the waters are 

 low in the dry season, but they greatly increase in winter and spring, 

 when the snow melts on the high mountains which supply its tribu- 

 tary streams. 



The Yeahil, the ancient Iri, is the last considerable river in the 

 eastern part of the peninsula ; it is very imperfectly known. Its 

 sources are on the northern slopes of the Laziau group, near 40 N. 

 lat., 39 E. long., and it enters the Black Sea below the fortress of 

 Charshembeh, after a north-western and at last a north course of 100 

 miles. It receives on the left the Tokat, the ancient Ly cus, the" sources 

 of which lie north of the city of Tokat, whence it flows west, with 

 occasional bends to the north as far as Amasia, a distance of 80 miles, 

 and from Amasia, east and north-east, for 35 miles. The Tokat 

 receives on ita left bank the Choterlek, which rises in the Kirk-Delim 

 Mountain!), north of Chorum, and joins the Tokat after an eastern 

 course of 69 miles, through the nearly unknown plateau mentioned 

 above. A little below its junction with the Tokat, the Yeshil descends 

 through a narrow pass into the Euxine terrace : this is another spot 

 where traces of former cataracts may be discovered. The Yeshil enters 

 the sea by several mouths, the principal of which is navigable, and the 

 surrounding tract is a delta formed by the deposits of this river. The 

 Thermeh (ancient Thermodon) enters the Black Sea a short distance 

 east of the Yeshil. The Tireboli rises in the Laziau group, in 40 20' 

 N. lat., 39 45' E. long. ; its mouth is a little east of the town of 

 Tireboli, the ancient Tripolis, 41 2' N. lat., 38 48' E. long. ; its 

 direction is from south-east to north-west. Many of these rivers 

 abound in fish : the sturgeon is taken at the mouth of the Yeshil. 



2. Lakes. -Besides those mentioned in the description of the great 

 central table-land, there are the following : 



The Lake of Abullionte, the ancient Apolloniatis, lies on the western 

 border of Bithyuia, between Mount Olympus and the gulf of Mudanieh : 

 it stretches from east to west 20 miles, and 12 miles from north to 

 south. On the south it is bordered by the beautiful wooded moun- 

 tains of the Olympus, on the north-east am! north by trachytic hills, 

 ..ards the north-west by marshes. The north-eastern portion is 

 studded with many islands : on one of them, which is connected with 

 the mainland by a wooden bridge, stands- the town of Abullionte, the 

 ancient Apollonia ad Rhyndacum. The town, some of the islands, and 

 the surrounding countries, are full of ancient ruins. The lake abounds 

 with fish, and supplies the markets of Brusa and Constantinople. 



The Lake of Maniyas, the ancient Lake of Melitopolitis, is west of 

 that of Abullionte, on the eastern borders of Mysia; it is 14 miles 

 long from east to west, and 8 miles from north to south. The shores 

 are low and marshy, but the tract north and west of it is well culti- 

 vated, and produces good wine. 



The Lake of Buldur, the ancient Ascania of Pisidia, situated in 37 

 45' N. lat., 30 26' E. long., takes its modern name from the town of 

 Buldur, which stands near the southern part of it, and contains 6000 

 houses. The length of the lake from the north-east to the south-west 

 is about 17 miles, and ita width about 4 miles. The southern shore is 

 flat, and the banks are very muddy. The neighbourhood produces 

 much gum-trngacanth, which is obtained from a low prickly plant 

 resembling furze by making an incision in the stem near the root, and 



