337 



ANATOLIA. 



ANCONA. 



333 





The great eastern route from Smyrna runs through Sart, up the 

 left bank of the Cogamus across the mountains into the valley of 

 the Mrcander, thence to Afiom, and so on to Angora,' crossing all the 

 great southern routes already mentioned. 



Another route from Smyrna runs southward to Scala-Nuova, Aidin, 

 and Melasso, and thence eastward to Buldur and Isbarta, connecting 

 several short routes that communicate with points on the south- 

 western part of the coast. 



Historical Sketch. The history of Asia Minor forms an important 

 chapter in the political and literary annals of the world. Here Persian, 

 Greek, lioman, or Turk has successively held the mastery ; here the 

 prince of poets sang, and the father of history wrote, when all but a 

 small angle of Europe was sunk in barbarism. In this sketch it 

 would be out of place to do more than enumerate the more important 

 events in the history of the country. 



The Lydians led from the east by Lydus (Lud?), or descended 

 from him, are said to have been the earliest settlers in the country, 

 although the Phrygians claimed a higher antiquity. The Lydian 

 capital was Sardis, situated at the confluence of the Pactolus with the 

 Hermus. Here Croesus, celebrated for his wealth, and the last of a 

 long line of kings, reigned over a territory which extended eastward 

 to the Halys. His wealth probably brought against him the arms of 

 the Persians, led on by the great Cyrus, who defeated and dethroned 

 him in B.C. 548. From this date for above 200 years Sardis was the 

 seat of the Persian governors of Asia Minor. Yet the Persians never 

 could entirely subjugate the country; the mountain-tribes of the 

 Taurus, and especially the Pisidians, still maintained their liberty, and 

 the numerous Greek cities, which were founded along the western and 

 northern coasts before the downfall of the Lydian dynasty, were ever 

 on the watch for an opportunity to recover their freedom. In 401 B.C., 

 the younger Cyrus advanced from Sardis against his brother Artaxerxes, 

 attended by a force of Greek mercenaries, who thus learnt the way 

 into the heart of the Persian empire. After the unsuccessful termi- 

 nation of the expedition, the 10,000 surviving Greeks, under the 

 conduct of Xenophon, crossed the northern part of Asia Minor in 

 their return home. The victory of Alexander at the Granicus, in 

 B.C. 334, and that of Issua in the following year, decided the fate 

 of the Persian empire, and wrested Asia Minor from the Persian yoke. 



The long series of wars that followed the death of Alexander 

 resulted in the formation of several small kingdoms in Asia Minor, 

 the most important of which were those of Pergamus and Pontus ; 

 the former ruled by monarchs of Greek descent, the latter by princes 

 of Persian origin. Attains Philometor, the last king of Pergamus, 

 died B.c. 133, bequeathing his kingdom to the Romans, who thus 

 obtained a footing in Asia Minor; but owing to the extraordinary 

 courage and persistent opposition of Mithridates king^of Pontus, they 

 did not succeed in reducing the peninsula to the form of a province 

 till the time of Pompeius and Julius Cfcsar. Under the government 

 of Home, Asia Minor reached its highest prosperity. Peace being 

 secure, agriculture and trade flourished ; excellent roads were formed, 

 new cities erected, and old towns rebuilt or embellished. The 

 numerous and extensive ruins discovered by modern travellers in Asia 

 Minor, which are noticed under the names of the ancient divisions 

 and towns, attest a high degree of civilisation and splendour. The 

 early history of the Church is intimately connected with that of Asia 

 Minor; in the clash between Christianity and Paganism much bitterness 

 was engendered, and many strifes ensued ; the Pagan was cniel and a 

 persecutor, and the Christian, in his misdirected zeal demolished the 

 finest temples, regardless of the beauty of the work or the skill of 

 the architect. Two cecumenic councils sat in the city of Nicxa, A.D. 

 325 and 787 respectively; the former condemned the Arian heresy, 

 and framed the Nican Creed, the latter condemned the Iconoclasts. 

 The dissensions between religious secta during the 5th century led 

 to great cruelties, and the city of Epheeus witnessed many disgraceful 

 quarrels amongst the followers of the religion of peace. Under the 

 Saseanide dynasty the Persians again turned a longing eye towards 

 the west, and the Byzantine emperors had to struggle hard for the 

 defence of Asia Minor. 



To strengthen himself against the Persians, Justinian formed an 

 alliance with the Turks, who then appear for the first time on the 

 livid of history, looking down from the heights of the Caucasus. In 

 Oil Choroe II., king of Persia, overran Asia Minor from the Euphrates 

 to the Bosporus, sacking Ancyra, and taking Chalcedon by storm. 

 Heraclius however conveyed his army by sea to the gulf of Issus, 

 defeated the Persians with great logs in a battle fought on the Sarus, 

 and by the victory of Nineveh, which he won in 627, for ever humbled 

 the hereditary enemy of the Roman empire. Soon after this the 

 Koran was written, and raised a new power in the world ; the Asiatic 

 provinces of the empire were seized one after another by hordes of 

 Saracens, Arabs, and Moors. Haroun-al-Rashid twice overran Asia 

 Minor, and compelled Nicephorus I. to pay him tribute. Theophilus II. 

 (820840) was constantly engaged in warfare with these invaders, and 

 at the end of his fifth campaign had the mortification of seeing Armo- 

 nniin, the birthplace of his father, levelled to the ground by the 

 Caliph Motasaem. The Seljukian Turks next come upon the scene, 

 taking Iconiiim in 1069, making the emperor Romanus Diogenes 

 prisoner at the battle of Manzicert, August 26, 1071. Cutulmish, 

 one of their princes, soon after established his camp at Kutahiyeh. 

 . DIV. VOL. i. 



In 1074 Soliman I., son of Cutulmish, pushed his conquests in Asia 

 Minor to Nicsea, the capital of Bithynia, which he made the seat of 

 his government ; and now commenced in earnest that long struggle 

 between the Greeks and Turks which did not terminate till the capture 

 of Constantinople by the latter in 1-153. In this interval however 

 the soil of Asia Minor echoed to the tread of the mailed warriors of 

 the Crusades, first in 1098, when under Godefroy de Bouillon the 

 chivalry of Europe, after the capture of Nicsea, swept across the 

 peninsula, to establish the kingdom of Jerusalem; again, in 1148, 

 during the disastrous advance of Conrad III. and Louis VII. ; once 

 more in 1190, when a bath in the Cydnus proved fatal to Frederick I. 

 as it had nearly done to Alexander the Great long before. In the 

 fourth crusade arose the new Greek principalities of Nicsea and 

 Trebizond. During the following half century the Seljukian Turks 

 again invaded Asia Minor, and re-established the kingdom of Iconium, 

 which was finally extinguished by the Mogul invasion under the 

 descendants of Gengis Khan in the 13th century. Orthogrul, one of 

 the adherents of the late dynasty, retired to Surghut on the Sakariyeh, 

 whence Othman, his son, issuing in 1299, in a few years conquered 

 Bithynia and the neighbouring provinces, receiving just before his 

 death in 1326 news of the capture of Brusa, which then became the 

 capital of the Ottoman empire. The remaining provinces, with the 

 seven churches, were soon after finally lost by the Christian emperor. 

 Bajazet I. was master of all the territories of the empire, with the 

 exception of the kingdom of Trebizond and a small strip of ground 

 round Constantinople, and those, with the city of Constantine itself, 

 he was preparing to seize, when a new Mongol invasion, under the 

 famous Tamerlane, brought on the battle of Angora (July 20, 1402), 

 in which Bajazet lost at once his liberty and his kingdom ; and the 

 conqueror, after taking Ephesus and Smyrna, established himself for 

 a time at Kutahiyeh, whilst his sons wasted and plundered the whole 

 country. The Mongol tide soon ebbed, however, and in 1403 Brusa 

 again shared with Adrianople the honours of the sultan's residence. 

 Mahomet II. came to the throne in 1451 ; Constantinople fell in 1453; 

 Trebizond in 1461 ; and since that time the provinces of Asia Minor 

 have been until within a few years ruled by grasping Turkish 

 governors, constantly at feud with one another. Such of the towns 

 as survived the ravages of time and war lost their trade and commerce, 

 the fairest and richest plains have been left without culture, and 

 hordes of nomadic Turkomans and Kurds roam unchecked through 

 the central table-lands. 



(Hamilton, Reiearchei in A sia Minor, &c. ; Aiusworth, Travel t and 

 Retearchtt in Asia Minor; Fellows, Excursion in Asia Minor and 

 Ditcoveries in Lijcia.) 



ANATO'LICO, a town of /Etolia, in the kingdom of Greece, 6 miles 

 W. from Missolonghi, and not far from the left bank of the Aspro- 

 potamo, is built on a rocky island in the midst of the salt lagunes on 

 the west side of the Gulf of Patras. The town covers the whole of 

 the island, and contains about 400 houses. It has some trade by sea. 

 Many of the inhabitants are fishermen, and ply their trade on the 

 lagunes in canoes, for which the native name is monoxyla. It 

 surrendered in March, 1826, to the Egyptian troops under Ibrahim 

 Pasha. 



ANCENIS. [LoiRE-lNFfeRIEUBE.] 



ANCON SIN SALIDA, a deep and extensive inlet on the western 

 coast of South America, situated between 50 30' and 52 30' S. lat., 

 72 30' and 73 40' W. long., is remarkable as bounding the southern 

 extremity of the Andes. The Aucon opens into Smyth Sound, which 

 separates the Adelaide Archipelago from the continent of America. 

 It penetrates by a very winding channel (40 miles long and from 1 to 4 

 miles wide) through the mountains from Smyth Sound, and expands 

 at its eastern extremity into a large sheet of water, called Kirke Water, 

 which ifl 20 miles long and 10 miles wide. From the channel several 

 arms branch oft' north and south. The most western, which is called 

 the Canal of the Mountains, runs northward for about 30 miles. It 

 is screened by steep ranges of mountains, broken here and there by 

 deep ravines, which are filled with frozen snow, and surrounded by 

 extensive glaciers, whence avalanches frequently descend. The 

 mountain range which incloses this arm on the west is considered to 

 be the southern extremity of the Andes. From Kirke Water two 

 deep inlets branch off. One of these, called Last Hope's Inlet, extends 

 first northward and then north-westward, with a total length of about 

 30 miles, and a width of 2 to 4 miles, and terminates not far from the 

 northern extremity of the Canal of the Mountains, from which it is 

 separated by a high snow-capped ridge. The other, called Obstruction 

 Sound, runs southward for above 70 miles, and is from 3 to 6 miles 

 wide. The western shores, both of Obstruction Sound and of Last 

 Hope's Inlet, are lined with high mountains, in some places covered 

 with perpetual snow, but the greater part of their eastern shores, as 

 well as the eastern shore of Kirke Water, consists of level ground, 

 which extends some distance inland, where only a few low hills and 

 some rising ground appear. It is therefore evident tha^ the Ancon 

 Shi Salida cuts through the whole range of the mountains, and termi- 

 nates in the eastern plains of Patagonia. 



(Surveying Voyage* of the Adventure and Beagle.) 



ANCO'NA, a delegation or province in the States of the Church, is 

 bounded N. and W. by the province of Urbino, E. by the Adriatic, 

 and S. by the province of Macerata. Its greatest length is about 38* 



