ANCONA- 

 and the breadth!* about Iflmilaa The ares. U 4 08 square mflea, 



oil, ana MUM. BOOM sue I* also proauoea. pnssii so 



reared in great number*. Then are also many burned oat 



The province comprises the northern part of ancient Pic 



a mall portion of Umbria ; these two provinces were M 



Jrith* populism 184* numbers* 1<M 14. The nirfaoe UaTened 

 by numeral* onTshoota of the Apennines, which an separated by 

 ferule valley.. Of the rivers which are small the principal are the 

 T*TU. toe lower part of which is in the province of Urlnno-e-Pesaro, 

 and eaters the Ma at Sinigaglia ; the fiano, which ha* iU source in 

 to* province of Macerate ; and the Musone, which forms the boundary 

 between this province and that of Maoerata. Of the whole area of 

 the province (280,804 acres), 103,014 acres are under cultivation ; 

 86,780 acres are covered with plantation* and oops**, and the rest 

 oonaist of olive-grounds, meadows, natural pasture, forest land, Ac., so 

 that the amount of absolutely barren land is only 250 acres. The 

 chief agricultural product* are wheat, maixe, hemp, bay, tobacco, wine, 

 oil, and bean*. Some silk is also produced. Sheep and hog* are 



any homed cattle. 



num. with 

 separated by 



now the Esino, which river alto formed the boundary 

 the OalU Senone* and Pioenum, and was therefor* the 

 northern limit of Italy on the ride of the Adriatic until thin was 

 afterward* extended to the Rubicon. The province contains only a 

 part of the old Marches of Ancona, which formerly extended from the 

 duchy of li rhino on the north, to the Marches of Kerroo on the south. 

 The capital is Ancona. The other towns which require notice here are 

 I en and Osimo. 



/en, 15 mile* W. by a from Ancona, near the left bank nf the 

 Etino, and about 10 mile* from it* mouth, occupies the site of the 

 ancient Umbrian town yEsis or jEsiuni. which became a Roman 

 colony, and wa* famous for it* cheese. It gives title to a bishop, and 

 is a walled town of considerable size, with a cathedral, five parish 

 churches, and several convents. Silk and woollen hosiery are 

 manufactured. The population is about 6000. 



Ofimo, the ancient Aujrimum, and a bishop'* see, is situated on a 

 high hill in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country, 8 mil 8. 

 from Anoona, on the road to Loreto, in 43 28' 36' N. lat, 18' 27' SO- 

 TS. long. : population about 7000. It is n healthy and well-built place, 

 whh a cathedral dedicated to St Tecla ; a town-house containing a 

 mnMnm of ancient statues and inscriptions found in the neighbour- 

 hood ; a handsome episcopal palace ; and several churches, which 

 contain some good paintings. Auxiumm, from the strength of ita 

 position, was a place of importance in ancient time*. The Roman 

 censor* had walls built round it B.O. 174, and it became a Roman 

 colony B.C. 157. In the great civil war the partisans of Pompeius 

 seized the town B.C. 49, but the inhabitants opened the gates to Ciesar. 

 Under the empire Auximum became the capital of Picenum, of \\ hi. -h 

 it was always one of the strongholds. Belisarius took it from the 

 Goths after a long siege, during which he narrowly escaped death. 

 Under the Byzantine empire, Auximum was one of the cities of the 

 Pentapolis in the Kxarchate of Ravenna. 



ANCO'.N'A, a seaport-town in the Papal States, on the Adriatic Sea, 

 in 43' 88' N. lat, 13' 85' E. long. It is the capital of the delegation 

 of Ancona, and the peat of the court of appeal for the delegations of 

 Urbino-e Pesaro, Macerata, Camerino, Fermo, Ascoli, and Anoona. 

 The town is built on the slope of a natural amphitheatre which lien 

 bstmuu two promontories. It is the most commercial place in the 

 Papal State*, carries on a considerable trade by sea, and is a free port 

 It* harbour which i* good i protected by two moles, the ancient one 

 raised by Trajan, and the modern one with the light-bonne cons: 

 by Clement XII. On the ancient mole stands a fine triumphal arch, 

 erected in honour of Trajan A.D. 1 1 2, by his wife Plotina and his 

 deter Ifardana. The arch, which in built in the Corinthian style and 

 of Parian marble, has only one gateway, and is ornamented with four 

 columns on each (runt The new mole is also adorned with a tri- 

 umphal arch, erected by Clement XII. from a design of Vanvitelli. 

 The harbour fa defended by several forU, and the heights above it 

 are fortified. Within the harbour is the lasarotto, also built by 

 dement XII. ; it i* pentagonal in plan, and 1* said to be well Arranged. 

 The street* of the town are narrow and gloomy, except one fine street 

 which Pin* VI. opened, leading to the mole. The citadel, Imilt on a 

 hill, command* the town and harbour, but is itself commanded by the 

 neighbouring height*. The cathedral of Ht. Cyriac also stands on a 

 height above the town, and occupies the *He of the Temple of Venus 

 mentioned by Juvenal, ' Hat. 1 iv. : 



" AaU domain VearrU qua* Darisa nutlort Aason." 



The edifice date* from the 10th century, with the exception of the 

 west front, which data from the 18th century. The gothic doorway, 

 which Is a One example of the kind, is richly decorated with sculp- 

 tar**. The interior consists of a nave and two aisle*, marked ..II by 

 the On* column* of the temple of Venus. The cupola i* octangular, 

 4 ^-^ to ^ 1 l*Me.tlnI'*ly. Tn* Tpt* contain *ereral ancient 

 *""" 'J""* n * hr^esting paintings. Among the other churches, all 

 of which contain some valuable pictures, that of San Agortino present* 

 n interior of \Miviu-lli entered hy a gothic doorwny, In which 

 Corinthian column, sre intmdurod ; and the Santa- Mnri . 

 ii remarkable f.,r the prodigality of it* sculptured decor 

 other remarkable building, are the town hall, the cxchan. 

 prison, the hospitals, the siwnal, and the church of San Domenico. 



ANCYRA. WO 



The Jew* of Ancona, about 5000 in number, have a separate quarter 

 and a synagogue. 



The situation of Anoona is pleasant and healthy, the country around 

 is very fertile, and the women are reckoned among the handsomest in 

 Italy. The population, according to the latest account*, is 85,271. 

 Anoona has manufactures of silk stocking*, leather, paper, wax-candle*, 

 and verdigris. It is the only good harbour on the Italian coast of the 

 Adriatic between Venice and Manfredonia. The Austrian Lloyds' 

 steamer* ply regularly between Anoona and Trieste, Alexandria, 

 Greece, Constantinople, and Smyrna. The arrivals in the port in 

 1842 numbered 1528 vessels (109,818 tons), with cargoes worth 

 1,024,0004., and consisting chiefly of manufactured goods, salt fish, 

 colonial produce, dye-stutts. timber, tobacco, drugs, wax, wool, hard- 

 ware, metals, Ac. Some of these import* are exported coastwise. 

 The exports are corn, hides, raw silk, hemp, bacon, fruit*, sulphur, 

 linseed, native tobacco, oil*, cordage, ftc, 



Anoona i* said by Strabo (p. 241, Casaub.,) to have been built by 

 some Syracusans, who fled from the tyranny of Uionyriu*, about 

 B.C. 880. Juvenal, in the line quoted above, calls it a Doric colony ; 

 it is probably older than the date assigned to it by Strabo. The name 

 Ancon (iiyxiir) mean* an elbow, such being the shape of the ground 

 on which it is built The town was famous for its purple dye. The 

 Romans made Ancona one of their principal naval stations on the 

 Adriatic. Julius Cesar occupied it immediately after passing the 

 Rubicon, and subsequently Marcus Antonius established two veteran 

 legions here ; and it is supposed that it was upon this occasion that the 

 town was made a Roman colony. Trajan was a great benefactor to the 

 town, which owe* to him the improvements of the harbour. Under 

 the Bytantine emperors, it was one of the chief cities of the Exarchate 

 of Ravenna ; and it ha* continued through all periods of its history to 

 be one of the most commercial cities of central Italy. In the middle 

 ages, Anoona governed itaelf as a republic tinder the prot. 

 pope* until 1582, when Clement VII. made himself master of the 

 town. The French occupied it in 1797, and it was retaken by the. 

 Austrian* in 1799, after a long siege. The French took possession of 

 the citadel again in 1882, and did not evacuate it till 1838. 



ANCUD, THE GULF OF, extends between the mainland of South 

 America and the island of Chiloe, from 41 80' to 43 30' 8. lat., and 

 from 72 40* to 78 60' W. long. It communicates with the Pacific 

 on the north of the island by the Narrows of Chacao, which are of 

 considerable depth, but at some place* hardly a mile wide. On the 

 south of the island of Chiloe it is connected with tin- Pacific by the 

 wide opening which occurs between the Chonos Archipelago and the 

 island, which is nearly 20 miles across. This gulf is nearly 150 

 mile* long (including Ita expansion towards the north, which is called 

 Reloncavi Sound), and at an average 60 miles wide. Ita shored are 

 everywhere high, and formed by rock*. In the middle of the gulf, 

 between 42 10' and 42 50' are a great number of high rocky islands 

 and islet*. The southern part of the Bay of Aiicud in in some maps 

 named the Oulf of Corcovado. 



rying Voyage* of the Adventure and Beagle.) 



ANCY'RA (now Angora, or Enguri,) was one of the most important 

 cities of Aria Minor. Tradition ascribed ita origin to Midas, and its 

 inhabitant* exhibited in a temple of Jupiter a sncred anchor, which 

 was said to have been discovered at the time of ita foundation. This 

 was probably a Qreek invention to account for the name of tli. 

 but be this as it may, an anchor appears on the coins struck in the 

 reigns of Antonius, Severus, and Caracalla. When the Hauls esta- 

 blished themselves in the heart of Asia Minor (B.C. 277), Ancyra 

 became the capital of a tribe called Tectosage*, which hud cwtemsflj 

 come from the neighbourhood of Toulouse. In B.C. 189 the whole o'f 

 Oalatia was subdued by Cneius Manlius, who fought a battle will, the 

 Tectosage* near Ancyra ; but it was not till i i was 



reduced to the form of a Roman province. An ! !' 



the province also, and was permitted to assume the name Bebaate, that 

 is Augusta, Teotosagum. At the death of Augustus, when an inscrip- 

 tion on brass recording his achievements was erected in front nf hi* 

 mausoleum at Home, th t" Ancyra procured a copy, and had 



it inscribed in Greek and I-atin on the white marble temple which 

 they hod erected for the worship of the god Augustus and the goddess 

 Rome. This temple, the chief monument of antiquity at Ancyra, 

 remains nearly entire. The inscription nbove alluded to was cut in 

 ita walls, and is called the Monumcntum or Mnnnor Aneyrannm. 

 The Latin inscription was first copied in the Mtli century. It has 

 been repeatedly printed since; the latest and most correct copy was 

 made by Hamilton, who also copied a great part of the Qreek inscrip- 

 tion, lloth arc given in tl- -e. oml volume of his 'Researches in Aa 

 Minor;' where will be found numerous other Greek inscriptions 

 copied by the author, from various parts of the town. One of the 



I' the mode;' >ntains an immense number of ancient 



architectural fragment*, chiefly ornamental. 



'iieh importance of Ancyra under the empire is proved by the 



us coin* it issued, and by the imnicn ! it public 



building*, the seal- IH of which nre seen in all ijnartoni of 



\l-.ve all it was celebrated as one of the chief seats 



of pagan worship, so that Libanius calls it the sacred city. It won 



"lie of the earliest Christian churches, founded 



probably by St Paul ; in the years 314 and 858, Christian councih 



