3*5 



ANDAMAN ISLES. 



ANDERNACH. 



316 



rated in Andalucia, and the best modes of making wine are well 

 understood. The total quantity produced is about 400,000 butts 

 (40,000,000 gallons) per annum; of which about 120,000 butts are 

 produced in the Cadiz district, about 40,000 butts in the Malaga 

 district, and the rest chiefly in the Alpujarras. In the Cadiz district 

 about 24,000 acres are under vine-cultivation, including the localities 

 of Jeres (Xerea), Puerto de Santa Maria, Tribuenza, San Lucar, 

 Chipiona, Rota, and Puerto Real, but not the new Chiclona vine- 

 yards. The finest wine of Spain is made in the neighbourhood of 

 Jeres, which in quality is only equalled by the small district of 

 Montilla. near Cordova. From Velez Malaga to Malaga, a distance 

 of about 20 miles, the hills facing the sea are covered with vines. In 

 the Malaga district and in the Alpujarras large quantities of grapes 

 are dried, and a considerable amount of raisins exported. The low- 

 lands of the southern coast of Andalucia are, as regards climate and 

 productions, almost tropical. The date-tree, olive-tree, sugar-cane, 

 cotton-plant, and indigo-plant, flourish vigorously, yielding products 

 equal in quality to those of the tropics themselves. The sugar-cane 

 especially, first introduced by the Moors, is not only cultivated in 

 large quantities for eating as a dessert, but Drives rise to considerable 

 manufactures of raw and refined sugar. There are manufactories at 

 Mutril and Almunecar, where 70 per cent of juice is obtained from 

 the cane, whereas only about 50 per cent, is obtained in the British 

 West India possessions. To obtain this amount of juice the canes are 

 pressed four times between the rollers, and even after the cane has 

 finally left the mill it is again subjected to a screw or hydrostatic 

 pressure, and 10 or 12 per cent, more of juice is obtained. The juice 

 is purified by lime, skimmed, evaporated to the requisite degree, and 

 poured into earthenware moulds, where it finally undergoes the 

 operation of claying. 



The olive-groves are hi many places very fine, but especially in the 

 Alpujarras. Near Orjiba, about 16 miles from the coast, and near the 

 northern bank of the Rio Guadalfeo, ia an olive-tree 14 yards round the 

 trunk, and another near it almost as Urge. Gardens of orange-trees are 

 very numerous, which, even while they are laden with fruit, fill the air 

 with the fragrance of their flowers. The larger trees are chiefly ever- 

 green oaks, cork-trees, chestnuts, and pines ; there are also ashes, alders, 

 and elders. The wild districts are covered with various species of cistus 

 (in Spanish jara) which are very odoriferous, with lauruatinus, thyme, 

 leutiscus, alaternus, genista, and rosemary. 



Bees abound in some parts of the Sierra Morena, where the common 

 hive is the hollow stem of a cork-tree cut into lengths, which affords an 

 excellent material for the purpose. 



The manufactures of Audalucia are of small importance, with the 

 exception of wine, oil, and sugar. Throughout the whole of Spain 

 the absurd prohibitions and excessive duties on articles of necessity, 

 such as cottons and woollens, have given rise to a system of smuggling 

 which is better managed and far more active than the revenue system 

 of the government. Honda is the centre of such a system in Andalucia ; 

 and the contrabandists^ of this district are the finest race, and most 

 picturesque in attire, of their numerous class in the Peninsula. 



The modern provinces, the cities, and towns of Andalucia, are 

 described under the names of the ancient provinces in which they 

 are respectively included. [CORDOVA- ; JAEX ; GRANADA ; SEVILLA.] 



(Widdrington's Spain and the Spaniards in 1843 ; Haverty's Wander- 

 ingt in Spain, 1844; the Hon. R. D. Murray's CUiet and Wild* of 

 Andalucia, 1848 ; Clark's Gaipacho, or Summer Mont hi in Spain, 

 1850; Hoskins's Spain at it it, 1851 ; Report of the Committee on the 

 }\'i,ie Duties, 1852.) 



ANDAMAN ISLES, a group of four islands and several islets 

 resting on a bank situated in the Bay of Bengal, between 10" 32' and 

 14" 10' N. lat,, and traversed by the meridian of 93 E. Of the four 

 larger islands the most northern is North Andaman, which is 50 miles 

 long by 20 miles broad ; it is separated from Middle Andaman (60 miles 

 long and 20 miles broad) by a very narrow strait called Steuart Sound, to 

 the west of which lies the small island of Interview. Middle Andaman 

 is divided from South Andaman by Middle Strait, which is also very 

 narrow, and has opposite its eastern entrance two of the largest islets of 

 the group. South Andaman is 50 miles long and 23 miles broad, where 

 widest ; but this island, as well as North Andaman, is deeply indented 

 by bays. The islets of Sentinel, Labyrinth, and Rutland lie off the 

 south coast of South Andaman. The three Andamans were long con- 

 sidered to form but one island, and are so marked in old maps ; and 

 this imaginary island was called the Great Andaman, to distinguish it 

 from the Little Andaman, which lies about 35 miles south from 

 Rutland islet, and is separated from it by Duncan Passage. Little 

 Andaman, which is nearly elliptical in shape, and has no deep 

 indentations, is 30 miles long by 20 miles broad. Many of the islets 

 of the group, though some of them are of considerable size, are not 

 distinguished by particular names. 



The Andaman Isles are mountainous, especially the northern island, 

 in tlm centre of which is a mountain called Saddle Peak, rising to the 

 height of 2400 feet above the sea level The islands contain fresh water 

 in abundance, but no rivers of any magnitude. They are densely covered 

 with trees, several of which afford timber of sufficient size for ship- 

 building ; among them are the poplar, the ebony, a tree resembling 

 tin- v. 1 wood, the cotton-tree, and the almond-tree ; besides 



bamboos, ground-rattans, and numerous shrubs. 



Very few animals are found on the islands ; the principal of them 

 is a species of small hog, which the inhabitants use for food. Besides 

 these hogs, the Andamaners eat rats, lizards, and snakes ; but their 

 principal food consists of fish, of which there are many varieties, and 

 during the north-east monsoon they are very abundant. The shores 

 abound in shell-fish, and oysters of good quality are found in some 

 situations. The edible birds' -nests, so highly prized in China, are 

 sometimes seen in these islands, and a variety of beautiful shells 

 gorgonias, madrepores, and cowries may be gathered on the shores. 

 The fruit of the mangrove is almost the only vegetable substance in 

 the islands that is fit for food. 



The inhabitants, who number about 3000, are in the lowest state of 

 civilisation, inhospitable to strangers, small of stature, seldom exceeding 

 5 feet in height, and ill formed, with large woolly heads and very slender 

 limbs. They are wholly unaccustomed to the use of clothing ; their 

 implements are but few in number, and of a very rude description. 

 They have no vessel that can resist the action of fire ; their only mode 

 of cooking consists in throwing their food upon burning wood. Their 

 principal weapons of offence are bows and arrows; the former are 

 usually from 4 to 5 feet long, and for strings they use fibres drawn 

 from the leaf of a tree, or slips of bamboo ; their arrows are formed of 

 reeds, with heads of wood hardened in the fire, or of fish-bones. They 

 also carry spears of heavy wood, with sharpened points, and are pro- 

 vided with a shield made of bark. They use both their arrows and 

 their spears for killing fish, and show considerable dexterity in this 

 occupation ; they likewise make use of a hand-net formed of bark. 



The dwellings of the natives are rude in the extreme ; they are formed 

 by filing four poles in the ground and binding their tops together, filling 

 up the spaces between them with branches of trees, and leaving a vacancy 

 on one side just large enough to allow of ingress and egress. They 

 I make no attempt to cultivate the soil, and they reside in the imme- 

 diate neighbourhood of the sea, from which they derive the principal 

 ! part of their food. On awaking in the morning, their first care is to 

 plaster their bodies with mud, which hardens in the sun, and serves 

 as a protection against the attacks of insects which swarm in the air 

 and would otherwise be a constant torment to them. They also paint 

 their woolly hair with red ochre. 



The origin of this race of people is unknown. They differ in form, 

 features, and language from all the other races on the continent or ou 

 the neighbouring islands. They resemble the mop-headed Papuos of 

 New Guinea ; but how they should have found their way to so great \\ 

 distance in their frail canoes, it is difficult to imagine. 



A settlement was attempted by the English in 179 1 at Port Chatham, 

 on an inlet on the eastern side of South Andaman Island ; but two years 

 afterwards the settlers were removed to Port Cornwallis on a small bay 

 on the eastern side of North Andaman, in 13 28' N. lat., 93 12' E. long. 

 The place was abandoned in 1796, in consequence of its insalubrity. In 

 1814, when Port Cornwallis was visited by an English ship, very few 

 vestiges remained of the British settlement. Subsequently (in April, 

 1824) the British force under Sir Archibald Campbell dispatched 

 against the Birmese assembled in the harbour, where some of the 

 ships remained about a month. On that occasion the natives omitted 

 no opportunity of showing their hostile feelings by discharging their 

 arrows at all the Europeans who came within their reach. The Little 

 Andaman was visited in November, 1825, by the Earl Kellie transport, 

 for the purpose of procuring water for the troops which she was con- 

 veying to Rangoon, when the inhabitants showed an equally fierce 

 disposition, and endeavoured as much as possible to obstruct the men 

 while filling then- water-casks. This smaller island does not possess 

 any harbour, but has tolerable anchorage near the shore. 



About 60 miles to the eastward of Middle Andaman lies Barren 

 Inland, which is entirely of volcanic formation, and consists chiefly of 

 a cone 1848 feet high, and frequently in a state of active eruption. 

 Barren Island is not included in the Andaman group. 



ANDELYS, LES. [EURE.] 



ANDEUNACH, a small town in the Prussian Rhein-Provinz, govern- 

 ment of Coblenz, is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, in 50 27' 

 N. lat., 7 25' E. long., 10 miles N.W. from the city of Coblenz, on the 

 road to Bonn : population, about 3000. It occupies the site of the Roman 

 town .' iitnnnacum, which stood in the territory of the Ubii. This town 

 is said to have sprung up round one of Drusus's camps ; it was repaired 

 by Julian during his government of Gaul. During the middle ages it 

 was an imperial town until 1496, when the Elector of Cologne reduced 

 it to municipal rank. The neighbourhood of Andernach is supposed 

 to have been the site of Julius Caesar's wooden bridge across the 

 Rhine. 



Andernach has still an ancient look, being surrounded by massive 

 ramparts flanked with towers. Some of the oldest buildings of the 

 town are constructed of a porous volcanic stone found in the neigh- 

 bourhood ; the door-posts, window-frames, and posts at the corners of 

 the streets are formed of columnar basalt. The principal buildings 

 are the parish church, which dates from the 12th century, is 

 surmounted by four towers, and contains some curious carvings and 

 an ancient Roman tomb ; the watch tower in the lower part of the 

 town near the river, built in 1520, circular below and octagonal above ; 

 and the gate that leads out of the town, crossing the Coblenz road. This 

 gate is an elegant gothic structure, very ancient, and by some errone- 

 ously said to be Roman. Adjoining it are the ruins of the castellated 



