AXDOItllA. 



AXUOVKK. 



the*UpaaUaU chain. Uid ban by the erosion of the streams, Mid under 

 Trend alternation* of sedimentary deposit* atid lubinariiie lava, point 

 to a subsidence of the oil and a *ubsequent upheaving by some 

 inmiins force. The*) changes, Mr. Darwin say*, have all occurred 

 within a period recent when compared to the history of the Cordillera, 

 and the eordillera iUelf u recent compared with many of the fos- 

 afliferoun ctrata of Europe and America. From the quantity of shingle 

 and ahelU on the valleys in the lower ridges of the Chilian Ancle* 

 as well u at the height* of 8000 or 9000 feet above the sea, it U inferred 

 that thi portion of the chain ha* been raised by gradual motion, and 

 indeed it u known that the coast of Chili u itill alowly ruing. Both 

 alopei of the Southern and the Patagonian Amie/t are strewed with 

 largo boulden supposed to hare been deposited by ice. 



Gold is especially abundant in the three chains of the Northern 

 Andes. It is found in the solid mass in the rocks, and in the shape 

 of small grains imbedded in the alluvial deposits. The Equatorial 

 Andes have no mine* of gold. Oold occurs in Peru only in veins of 

 silver ore; but gold in considerable quantity is obtained in tin- 

 eastern declivity of the Eastern Cordillera of the Bolivian Andes, near 

 the Nevado de Sorata, where on the banks of the Rio Tipuaui it 

 occurs in an alluvial soil. In the Andes of the Despoblado gold is 

 found on the western declivity, in the Chilian province of Copiapo, 

 where it is extracted from the ore. Some gold U also obtained 

 from the Chilian Andes between 30 and 32 S. lat 



Silver is most abundant in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes. In 

 New Granada and the Equatorial Andes few mines are worked, and 

 they are not productive. The number of mines worked in Peru is 

 very great The richest are those of the table-land of Pasco. Next 

 to these are the mine* of Chota, on the mountain of Qualgayok, in 

 the valley of the Maranon, near 6' & lat They are 13,300 feet above 

 the sea level There are numerous mines in the Bolivian Andes. 

 The most famous are those of the Cerro de Potosi and its neighbour- 

 hood, though it* produce has much fallen off from what it was in the 

 16th century. In the Chilian Andes are also several silver mines, 

 among which are those of Jamatina, in the central range, between 

 27 and 28 8. lat 



Quicksilver also is found in several part* of the Arnica. The most 

 northern mines are in the Equatorial Andes, near Axogue, north-west 

 of Ciieuca. In the Peruvian Andes are the mines of Huancavelica, 

 which yielded annually from 400,000 to 600,000 Ibs. of quicksilver, 

 but as they were not worked in a proper and regular manner, the pit 

 fell in, and the present yield does not exceed 150,000 Ibs. Quicksilver 

 is also found near Tarma, in the valley of the Jauja River. 



Platina is found only on the western declivity of the Western Cor- 

 dillera of Nueva Granada, in small grains, imbedded in an alluvial soil. 

 Copper is very abundant in several places, and many mines are 

 worked on the western declivity of the Chilian Andes, especially 

 north of 32 S. lat Rich ores of copper occur also in the vale of 

 the Desaguadero, where they cannot be worked for want of fuel. 

 Lead is common, but not worked. Tin also is found in Chili. 



In the desert country which forma the lower declivity of the Andes 



between 20* and 25 S. lat, occur extensive beds of native saltpetre, 



which is collected and constitutes an important article of exportation. 



The area covered by the ridges, valleys, and slopes of the Andes 



is estimated at 818,500 square miles. 



(Humboldt's Pervmal Narrative; Pentland, in London Geograph. 

 Journal, voL v. and viii. ; Ulloa's Voyage to South America; Conda- 

 mine's Relation cfun Voyage dam I Intfrieur de I' Amirique Itt- 

 ridionale ; Parish, Buenot A yret and Ike Provmeet of La Plata ; Trench, 

 in London Oeograpk. Journal, vol. ix. ; Smyth's Narrative of a Journey 

 from Lima to Peru; Temple's TratiU in rariout parti of Peru.; 

 Helms'* Travel* from Buenot A yret by Pototi to Lima; Poppig's Reite 

 in Pent, Cnili, und avf den Amazonenjtuac ; Surveying Voyaget of the 

 Adventure and Beagle ; Mrs. Somerville's Phyrical Geography.) 



ANDORRA, a district in the province of Cataluna in Spain, 

 adjoining on the north the French department of Ariege, which 

 includes the ancient comte' de Foix. Andorra consists of a rugged 

 valley aHuated high up between the onsets which extend southward 

 from one of the loftiest summits of the Pyrenees, the Moncal, which 

 i* 10,710 feet high. The valley, or rather basin, is surrounded by 

 mountains on all sides, except where the river Valira or Balira issues 

 from it to join the Segre. The Odiro, the Os, and numerous smaller 

 streams fall into the Valira. The length of the valley north to south 

 is 20 miles ; the greatest width east to west i* 24 miles. The area 

 is about 200 square miles, and the population about 10,000. The 

 ohief village, Andorra, is in 42 30' N. lat, 1 80' W. long., near the 

 west bank of the Valira, where the two principal branches unite, and 

 where the river is crossed by a handsome stone bridge. The village 

 "Und on an elevation at the foot of the mountain Montelas, which 

 rises to the north-west The population of the village is about 1500. 

 The spun of the mountain* are thickly wooded with pine*, and a 

 eooaiderakle quantity of timber is annually floated down to Tortosa, 

 bTth* Valira, Segre, and Ebro. The lower slope* and small valleys 

 afford excellent pasturage; and vines, fruit-trees, and tobacco are 

 cultivated with nieces*, but the quantity of arable land is so small 

 that com to iwme amount is imported annually from France. 

 Mountain goeU, wild boars, and other kinds of game are abundant 

 Andorra claim* notice from the singular circumstance of iU having 



existed as a neutral territory, governed by its own laws, under its 

 own republican form of government, and little more than nominally 

 dependent either on Spain or France, from the time of Charlemagne 

 to the present day. V hen that prince, about the year 790, marched 

 against the Moors and defeated them in a neighbouring valley, still 

 named after him, Val de Carol (Carolus), the Andorrans lent him their 

 assistance. In recompense for their services, he granted them the 

 privilege of being governed by their own laws, reserving only certain 

 feudal claim*, which his son Louis U Ddbonnaire in 819 ceded to the 

 bishop of Urgel, whose territory bounds the valley of Andorra ..n the 

 south, and who thenceforth became the spiritual head of the small 

 state. The count* of Foix afterwards became the protectors of Andorra, 

 claiming certain rights as feudal lords under the kn^-. ..|" France. 

 These rights however were resumed by Henri IV., and in 1793 were 

 abolished. The Andorrans however still retained their attachment 

 to the French, and Napoleon at their own request, by a decree 

 dated March 27, 1806, restored them to their ancient connection with 

 the government of France. 



This small republic i* placed under two vegudrs, or primary magis- 

 trate*, one of whom U a Frenchman, appointed by the French 

 government, and the other a native of Andorra, appointed by the 

 bishop of Urgel; and these two magistrates are at the head of the 

 in liiuiiitr.it ion of justice and of the army. The civil adiniui- 1 

 is committed to a general council of 24 members, who elect a 

 president for life, whilst the six communes into which the territory is 

 divided are governed by 12 consuls, who are elected annually. 



The Andorrans are very warlike. Every man from 16 years of age 

 to 60, i* considered fit for military duty, and is armed and regularly 

 exercised under a captain and two lieutenants in each commune. 



The Andorran* subsist principally by the pasturage of cattle, by 

 felling timber, by working iron-mines and smelting iron, and by 

 smuggling. 



(Mifiano, Diecionario de Etpana ; Ford's Handbook of Spain ; 

 Mudoz, Diccionario de Etpana ; Dictionnaire de la France.) 



ANDOVER, Hampshire, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 

 the north-west part of the county, on the left bank of the river 

 Anton, in 51 12' N. lat, 1 28' W. long., distant 14 mile* N.W. from 

 Winchester, and 64 miles W.S.W. from London. From its situation, 

 the town gets the name of Andover (Saxon, Andeaforan), that is, furry 

 or passage over the river Ancle. The population of the town of 

 Andover in 1851 waa 5187, of the parliamentary borough, 5395. It is 

 governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom i* mayor, 

 and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament The living is 

 a vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. Andover 

 Poor-Law Union contains 32 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 82,084 acres, and a population in 1851 of 16,987. 



The three principal streets are well paved and lighted ; the houses 

 are well built, and the town has a good supply of water. The church, 

 a modern edifice in the Early English style, erected at a cost of 

 nearly 30,000/., which was entirely borne by the late Rev. W. S. 

 Goddard, stands on the site of the old church, a spacious Norman 

 structure, which hod become too much dilapidated to admit of r> p:iir. 

 The fine semicircular arched doorway of the old church, with its 

 chevron mouldings was however preserved, and now forms an 

 entrance to the churchyard. When the new church was built, the 

 burial-ground was greatly enlarged by adding to it the adjoining 

 priory and port of the garden. There are meeting-houses for 

 Baptists, Independents, and Wesleynn Methodists; a Free grammar- 

 school, founded in 1569, which had 22 scholars in 1851 ; and an alms- 

 house for 6 poor men, erected and endowed by John Pollen, Esq., one 

 of the members for the borough in the time of William III. An alms- 

 house was built with funds bequeathed by Catharine Hanson, in 

 which are 8 poor women ; another, called the Spital, has 4 poor 

 women. There is also a school-house erected and endowed by John 

 Pollen, Esq., which is by permission of hi* descendant used as an 

 Infant school ; of the infants taught in it 20 ore admitted free, 

 according to the terms of the endowment There are also National 

 and British schools, and a saving* bank. 



The town-hall, erected in 1825, i* a spaciou* stone building with a 

 Grecian front, supported by arches; the under part is used as a 

 market-house. The corporation is said to be as ancient as the time of 

 King John. A county court ia held in the town. 



The chief business of the town consists in molting ; the manufacture of 

 silk, which superseded that of shalloon, tin former staple, has almost 

 entirely declined. On the Pill-heath brook, about two mile* from 

 AuiL.ver, i* an extensive iron foundry, known as the Waterloo foundry. 

 The market i* on Saturday ; and there are three (airs in the year. 



About three mile* west from the town, at the village of Weyhill, is 

 held one of the most celebrated fairs in England. It begins on the 10th 

 of Octolu r, ami continues for six days. Formerly it was one of the chief 

 fair* in the country for sheep and cattle, cheese, and Farnham hops ; 

 but the fair in general appears to be falling off. 



Near Andover are the remains of some Roman encampments, espe- 

 cially one on the summit of Bury Hill, a mile or two south-west from 

 the town ; and some beautiful specimens of Roman pavement have 

 been found in the neighbourhood. 



(Warner's Jiampthire ; Corretpondtnt at Andover.) 



