861 



ANDOVEl?. 



ANDREWS, ST. 



362 



ANDOVER, a town in the State of Massachusetts in North 

 America, is situated 21 miles north from Boston on the Shawsheen 

 River, and near the right bank of the Merrimack : the population in 

 1S40 was 5207. Andover is celebrated for its literary institutions. 

 The Philips Academy was founded by one of the leading families of 

 Massachusetts in the year 1788, and affords accommodation for 130 

 students, who study the learned languages under a principal and three 

 assistants. This is the best endowed academy in Massachusetts. A 

 congregational theological seminary was opened in 1808, and affords 

 tuition and rooms free to all the students. The number of professors 

 in 1852 was 6, of students 87. The libraries of this seminary con- 

 tained in 1852 an aggregate of 21,259 volumes. Andover has also a 

 training institution for teachers, which was founded in 1880. 

 AXDRE-DE-MEOUILLE, ST. [ALPES, BASSES.] 

 ANDREASBERG. [CLAUSTHAL.] 



ANDREEWA, or Enderi, a principality of the Kuniuk Tartars, 

 lying along the Kasma, between the river Aksai and the Caspian Sea ; 

 about 25 miles west of the latter. It forms at present one of the 

 districts composing the government of Russian Caucasia, and embraces 

 also the peninsula and gulf of Agrakani. Its surface presents an 

 intermixture of fertile plains and arid wastes of sand ; it produces 

 grain, and abounds in mineral waters and springs of naphtha. The 

 town of Andreewa is the mart to which the Lesghian tribes resort for 

 the purpose of disposing of their plunder as they did formerly of their 

 prisoners. It is an open town situated on the Aktash, at the foot of 

 Mount Tshumlu, and contains upwards of 3000 houses with a popula- 

 tion of about 12,000. Andreewa was not long since an avowed 

 asylum for all the vagabonds and freebooters in the Caucasian regions, 

 and a thriving market for the sale of slaves. 

 ANDREIANOWSKY ISLANDS. [ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.] 

 ANi !'. K\VS, ST., Fifeshire, Scotland, an ancient city and seaport, 

 is situated on the small bay of St. Andrews, in 56 21' N. lat., 2 47' 

 W. long.; distant about 12 miles E. by N. from Cupar, 40 miles 

 N.N.E. from Edinburgh by road, and 44 miles by the Edinburgh, 

 Perth, and Dundee railway : the population of the city in 1851 was 

 5,107. The municipal government is vested in a provost, a dean of 

 guild, and four bailies. St. Andrews, conjointly with Cupar, Easter 

 Anstruther, Wester Anstruther, Crail, Kilrenny, and Pittenweem, 

 returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. The direction of 

 the side of the bay on which the city stands is W.N.W. and E.S.E., 

 and the city is open to the north-east winds, which prevail greatly in 

 April and May. The climate is however in general healthy, except 

 for persons liable to rheumatism, or who have weak lungs. Since the 

 establishment of hot baths, the city has been much frequented aa a 

 watering place. 



St. Andrews stands on a lofty cliff or rock, a peninsula formed by 

 the bay and the Burn of Kinness or ' Nether Burn,' a small stream 

 skirting the town on the southern and eastern sides, and forming at 

 ita mouth a harbour, guarded by piers, and capable of receiving 

 vessels of 300 tons at spring tides. The navigation of the bay is 

 dangerous. A few vessels belonging to the port are employed in the 

 coasting trade ; and a few boats are engaged in fishing. On the north- 

 west of the town, ' the Links' uneven downs formed by the sea stretch 

 away for nearly two miles to the mouth of the river Eden, and are 

 used for the game of golf, which is much practised. There are similar 

 downs south-east of the town. The extremity of the peninsula on 

 which the city stands is occupied by the ruins of the cathedral and 

 other interesting remains. From this the three main streets, North- 

 street, Market-street, and South-street or Shoegate, diverge ; South- 

 street running nearly east and west. These streets are intersected at 

 right angles by the Lanes or Wynds. There was once a fourth street, 

 called Swallow-street, to the north of the others, but this has disap- 

 peared, and its site is now a public walk called the ' Scores.' The 

 castle of St. Andrews stood on the north of Swallow-sleet, about 300 

 yards distant from the cathedral. 



St. Andrews was created a royal burgh in 1140 by David I. Before 

 the Reformation, St. Andrews was an opulent commercial city. To 

 its annual fair in April, which lasted several weeks, from 200 to 300 

 vessels from all part* of the commercial world resorted. When in its 

 most flourishing state, in the beginning of the 16th century, there 

 were in it 60 or 70 bakers, and as many brewers. After the Reforma- 

 tion, it gradually decayed, and it also suffered in the great civil war. 

 Dr. Johnson, who visited it in 1773, says, " One of its streets is now 

 lost ; and in those that remain, there is the silence and solitude of 

 inactive indigence and gloomy depopulation." 



By the exertions of the citizens, however, many improvements have 

 been effected. The principal street is now WeU-built, straight, and 

 broad ; and in this, as in the other two, the modern houses are 

 commonly three stories high ; the lightness of these edifices diminishes 

 the sombre appearance resulting from the general antiquity of the 

 buildings. 



The parish church in South-street is a spacious structure, first 

 erected in 1112, and repaired in 1797. On the wall inside is a monu- 

 ment to the memory of Archbishop Sharp, erected by his son, 

 exhibiting in rude sculpture the murder of the prelate. There is a 

 spire to the church. The chapel of St. Salvator's College is a handsome 

 edifice with a gothic front, situated in North-street. Within is the 

 monument of Bishop Kennedy, founder of the college. It is the place 



of worship for the parish of St. Leonard, which comprises a few 

 districts in the town and neighbourhood. There are an Episcopal 

 chapel, and chapels in connection with the Free Church, the United 

 Presbyterians, and the Independents. There is a savings bank. The 

 town-house or tolbooth is in the centre of Market-street, and contains 

 one or two antiquities of local interest. 



The university of St. Andrews consists of two colleges, namely, the 

 United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard ( formerly distinct) ; 

 and the New College, or St. Mary's, appropriated to the study 

 of divinity and kindred subjects. No medical or legal school is 

 connected with either college. This university, the most ancient in 

 Scotland, was founded in 1411 by Henry Wardlaw, then bishop 

 of St. Andrews. The seat of the university at that period was the spot 

 where St. Mary's College now stands, and was called the Psedagogy. 

 A school had been taught on this spot before the foundation of the 

 university, but it was superseded by that institution. 



St. Salvator's College was founded and endowed in 1455 or 1458 by 

 James Kennedy, nephew of James I., and successor of Wardlaw in the 

 see of St. Andrews. The buildings in North-street form a quadrangle 

 of 230 feet long by 180 feet broad, which is entered from the south 

 by a gateway, over which is a steeple 156 feet high, and a clock : to 

 the right of the gateway is the chapel already mentioned. 



St. Leonard's College was founded and endowed in 1512 by Prior 

 Hepburn, from the revenues of an hospital for pilgrims, and from 

 property of his own. The hospital was made the seat of the college. 

 In 1747 it was found expedient to unite the two colleges, and the joint 

 establishment was accordingly transferred to St. Salvator's, the 

 buildings of St. Leonard's being sold, and converted into dwelling- 

 houses. 



St. Mary's College was formed out of the original seminary or 

 pedagogy of Bishop Wardlaw, by James Beaton, archbishop of St. 

 Andrews ; and his designs were carried on by Cardinal Beaton, his 

 nephew and successor in the see, and by Archbishop Hamilton, who 

 succeeded the cardinal. The enlargement of the psedagogy by 

 Archbishop Beaton appears to have been begun in 1538. In 1579 the 

 college was remodelled under the direction of George Buchanan. 

 The buildings occupy two sides of a quadrangle on the south side of 

 South-street. 



The curriculum, or course of study in the arts, extends over four 

 sessions of four months each. These studies are pursued at the 

 United College, and the session lasts from the end of October till the 

 beginning of May. St. Mary's College has four professors, namely, 

 one of systematic theology ( the principal ), one of biblical criticism 

 and theology, one of church history, and one of oriental languages. 

 Mathematics has always formed a principal branch of instruction at 

 St. Andrews. 



In each of the colleges are bursaries or endowments, entitling the 

 holders to a certain income for a few years. Fifty-five belong to 

 the United College, and seventeen to St. Mary's. The students of 

 St. Mary's pay no fees, and the emoluments of the professors arise 

 from their salaries : at the United College, from the salaries with fees 

 in addition. The university is possessed of a library of considerable 

 extent, but of little other property. The number of graduates in 

 1852 was Bachelors of Arts, ; Masters of Arts, 8 ; Doctors of Law, 

 ; Doctors of Divinity, 3 ; Doctors of Medicine, 64. 



The grammar-school, and a school for English, writing, and arith- 

 metic, are now incorporated with the institution established by Dr. 

 Bell, the founder of the Madras system of education, who, by a 

 splendid donation of 45,000<., 3 per cent, stock, created and endowed 

 in this his native city the seminary of education called the Madras 

 College. The buildings form a large edifice on the south side of 

 South-street, some distance west from St. Mary's College. 



The antiquities of the city are numerous and interesting. Those 

 which are ecclesiastical stand together near the harbour. The most 

 ancient is the chapel, the foundation of which the legend ascribes to 

 St. Regulus (commonly called St. Uule), the traditionary founder of 

 the city. That holy person, then abbot of a monastery of Patras 

 (Patras) in Achaia, having been warned in a dream to depart without 

 delay to an island called Albion, situated in the farthest extremity of 

 the wertern world, set sail with 17 monks and 3 nuns, carrying with 

 him some of the relics of St. Andrew. He was wrecked in the bay 

 now called St. Andrews (the shores of which were then covered with 

 wood, and infested with huge wild boars), and lost all except his com- 

 panions and the relics. He converted the king of the Picts, near the 

 end of the 4th century, and the prince erected for the saint the chapel 

 of which the ruins still remain. They consist of the walls only, 

 inclosing an area of 314 feet by 25 feet. At the west end is the tower, 

 a square building, with a base of 20 feet each way (measured outside 

 the walls), and 108 feet high. 



The cathedral of St. Andrews was nearly 160 years in building 

 (1159 or 1161 to 1318), and was demolished in one day, in June, 1559, 

 by a mob excited by a sermon of John Knox. The eastern gable with 

 its two towers is however still standing ; and there remain also one 

 of the towers of the western gable, part of the south wall from the 

 western gable to the south transept, and the west wall of the south 

 transept. The to'wers are each 100 feet high from the ground to the 

 summit. The architecture varies, Norman and early English being 

 intermixed. The western end being of later erection, is of a much 



