HEWS, ST. 



AXGERMANLAND. 



style than the other, and exceed, it in 



width by 10 or IS feet The length of the cathedral was about 

 S60 or MO feet, and the breadth of the tnuwrpt from 140 to 180 feet. 

 The ruined church of 81 Leonard', adjoin* the college of that name. 

 A wall, about 870 yard, in length, M feet high, and 4 feet thick, with 

 14 tower* or turret* at different distances, WM erected by Prior 

 Hepburn (founder at St. Leonard's College) in the beginning of the 

 lth century, to incloee the ground, of the great priory of St. Andrew*, 

 which had been erected about 1120. The inclomre is about 18 acre*, 

 u.l contain, the rains of the cathedral and St. Rule's chapel, besides 

 the relics of other buildings belonging to the priory. Thin wall has 

 three gates .till standing ; one, a stately gothio arch, fronts the end of 

 South-street There are some relics of two monasteries, one founded 

 in the 13th, the other in the 15th century. A fragment of one of 

 them in South-street, with an arched roof, is perhaps the most beautiful 

 specimen of pointed architecture in St. Andrews. They were demo- 

 lished when the cathedral was destroyed. 



On the shore of St. Andrews Bay, on a ridge or cliff washed on the 

 north and east sides by the sea, are the ruin, of the castle, which serre 

 a* a landmark to seamen. Some parts of the walls stand on the north 

 and ess*, but others hare fallen from the encroachment of the sea. 

 The keep or donjon at the north-west corner is entire. This cartle 

 was built by Bishop Roger about A.D. 1200, and subsequently enlarged. 

 In 1336, it was Uken and garrisoned by Edward III. of England ; but 

 was re-taken the following ye v, and nearly demolished. It was repaired 

 towards the end of the 14th century, and made the episcopal residence. 

 New works were erected by Cardinal Beaton in 1546 ; but it wan demo- 

 lished by an act of council about 1547, and though again partially 

 repaired by Archbishop Hamilton, it never recovered from this 

 overthrow. 



St. Andrews was the scene of several remarkable errata, during the 

 process of the Reformation in Scotland. The fires of persecution 

 were repeatedly kindled, for the city was the ecclesiastical metropolis 

 of the kingdom, and the stronghold of the Roman Catholics. In 1 .v_'7 

 Hamilton, the Ant Protestant martyr in Scotland, was burned ; and 

 in 1545 Winhart suffered ; Cardinal Beaton, then archbishop, looking 

 on from a window of the castle. The martyr is said with hi* living 

 breath to hare foretold the downfall of his persecutor; and his 

 prophecy is said to hare been verified about a year after, when 

 Norman Leslie, son of the Earl of Kothex, with 16 Associates, went 

 to the castle, cleared it of the cardinal's retinue, and proceeding to 

 the cardinal's chamber, deliberately murdered him. The conspira- 

 tors held out in the castle for several months ngainst the troops 

 of the government but at last surrendered upon terms. Upon this 

 rarrendrr the act of council for the demolition of the castle WIM 

 issued. The murder of Archbinhop Sharp took place on Magus Moor, 

 about three miles south-west of St. Andrews, and within sight of the 

 town. 



(Orienon's Drliitfaliont of St. A ndrtn ; Bemliet of Seotlmul ; New 

 .ItaluKcalActoMtttof.lmlland; Rev. C. HogeriJ/utoryofSt.Andretct.) 



AN DREWS, ST. [GRENADA.] 



ANDREWS, ST. (NEW BRUHSWICK.] 



ANDROS, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cyclades 

 group, lying south-east of Kubosa, from which it is distant 6 miles. 

 It is 21 miles long and 8 miles broad, and has a population of 15,000. 

 The island is very high and mountainous, and the highest summits 

 retain the snow during many months in the year. The chief town, 

 called Andros, or Castro, situated on the eastern coast, has a harbour 

 for small vessels, and a population of about 6000. The soil is very 

 fertile. The chief products are wine, silk, wheat, barley, lemons, 

 nnagss, and pomegranates. The wine is all consumed on the island. 

 Silk is exported. The corn products do not suffice for the wants of 

 the inhabitant* ; the deficiency is made up from Buboes, Onnrion, 

 the port of ancient Andros, retains its ancient name : it in still the 

 safest harbour of the island. 



ANDROH. [BAHAMAS. 

 R08COOOIN. 



ANDUJAR. [JAni. 



AVDUZK. [GAUD.] 



ANBOADA, or the DROWNED ISLAND, is one of the Leeward 

 West India Inlands, comprised also among the Lesser Antilles, or 

 Caribbean Inlands ; it is the most northern of the minor group known 

 as the Virgin Inland*. The south-east point of the inland i* in 

 IS* 44' N. fat, 4* If/ W. long. The island in about 10 miles long, 

 'r 4 miles broad. The surface of Anegada is the pnxlm 

 lilhnplivtsr, based on a submarine foundation. The inland in for In- 

 most part a dead level On the south-east there is a gradual rising 

 of the irronnd from north to smith to an elevation of 60 feet, and 

 thi. i. the highest point of the Uland. The south side ii a oontinoed 



ma*, of shclvsa, loosely covered with vegetable moald, mixed with 

 M The few trees found on the Island grow only on the *pots 

 where the mould, formed of decayed sea-weed, is greatest in quantity. 

 TW other side* of the island are less favoured, being cover. < 



andy deposits thrown forward by the sort Many ponds of fresh 

 *. <"<l ** r V of wmt * r '"pfsgnaUd with salt, are foun.l on the 

 inland. Th vqreUMe productions of Anegada are not nut. 

 hut it i. rimruUr that several of them are not observed in i,-. 

 at Ik* Virgin Island*. It appear* probable that the seeds of these 



must have*oeen carried there by currents, or conveyed by birds from 

 the Spanish main. Anegada is chiefly noted for the numerous 

 wrecks which have happened on the reef by which its windward 

 or eastern side is bordered. The chief profit of the inhabitants 

 comes from these shipwrecks; and, except on such occasion*, tin- 

 only labours in which they engage are those of raising provisions 

 for their subsidence, and cultivating some small patches of , 

 the produce of which is taken for sale to the neighbouring island of 

 T. !:.. 



Anegada, though one of the largest of the Virgin Inlands, has very 

 few inhabitant* The remaining Virgin Islands, mont uf win, h i 

 to the British, upwards of 50 of which are under the British dominion, 

 are, together with the others belonging to Denmark and Spain, described 

 under VIRGIN ISLAITM. 



AXCEI.X. [SCHLWWIO..] 



ANGERBUHG. [GuiiBiinrtx.] 



. KHMANLAND, a province of Sweden, comprehended nn.l.-r 

 the political division of Hernosands Lan, of which it fomin the 

 northern, most extensive, and most important part; the sou 

 and smaller in the ancient province of Mtddpad. The political union 

 of these provinces obliges us to treat of them all together, which 

 may be done the more easily, as they resemble one another in almost 

 every respect 



Hernosands Lan is bounded N. by the Umea I. im or Western 

 Bothnia, W. by Ostersund Liin or Yiimtland, 8. by Oefle I. 

 Helnngland, and R by the Gulf of Bothnia. It extend* from 

 62* 10" to 84 W N. tat, and from 15 40' to 19" 20' K. long. Its 

 greatest length along the coast is 140 or ISO miles. Ito breadth 

 varies from about 20 to 100 miles. Its area is 9461 square miles ; 

 and its population at the end of 1845 was 93,775. 



Surface and CoaH-Lint. The mirface of thin extensive country 

 varies extremely. On the coast, hills succeed hill* without inter- 

 ruption ; they are steep and rise sometimes to nearly 1000 feet almve 

 the level of the sea. They are divided from one another by valleys 

 several hundred feet deep, the bottom one of which in occupied by wind- 

 ing rivers or by fine mountain-lake*, on the banks of which meadows 

 and woods are intermingled in the most pleasant manner ; the woods 

 commonly clothe the slopes of the hills and sometime* their summit*. 

 Inlets of the sea frequently enter through the narrow openings 

 between the hills, and the large rapid river* expand at intervals into 

 takes. Dr. Clarke compares thin province with the country nbout 

 the Logo Maggiore in Italy, and affirms that it in as much worth 

 seeing, and would as amply repay the trouble of a journey (hither as 

 any part of Europe. But thin description only applies to the coast 

 and to the country extending about 20 or 25 miles from it Farther 

 westward, no insulated mountains are seen, the whole country, for a 

 distance of about 10 miles and upwards, rising higher and higher to 

 more than 1000 feet above the level of the sea, and at thin height it 

 run* on almoxt like a plain through Yiimtland till it reaches the foot 

 of the Scandinavian Mountain* and the boundary of Norway. From 

 these heights the rivers descend in long and sometimes narrow 

 valleys, and in their descent frequently form caUracts. 



The const of this country, though high, rarely rises to 200 feet, and 

 is very much intersected by bays, some of which run several miles 

 into the land. An uninterrupted series of island* extends along the 

 coast ; most of which are small uninhabited rocks, called Aitr, which 

 are only visited in summer by fishermen. Some, however, are several 

 miles in length, as Briiman, to the south of the mouth of the Ljungan- 

 Elf, Aliiiin, opposite to Sundswall, and Herno and Hanmd, in the 

 embouchure of the Angerman-Klf. 



Hydrography.- The rivers which traverse Angennanland are the 

 largest in Sweden, but they do not rise in the province. Their 

 sources are in the Scandinavian Mountain*, to which 1lii province 

 does not extend. The most important in the Angermau-Elf, which 

 rises in an alpine lake, callcil Knit.* Ton, near the boundary of Norway, 

 in that part of Umea Lan called A*elo Lapmark. Running for 

 nearly half its coarse in a south-eastern direction, it receives all the 

 waters descending from the Styelling Fottll, and the great chain in 

 Asde Lapmark ; it then enters, by a southern course, Angennanland, 

 where it* waters ore increased "by two large rivers, coming from 

 Yiimtland. It* general course i* *t III directed to the south or south- 

 south-esst No other river of Sweden is in its natural state navigable 

 no far as the Angeitnan-Elf. It may be ascended by vessels of every 

 description upward* of 45 miles, and by merchant-vessels to Sollefto, 

 nearly 60 miles. At the last place the navigation i* interrupted by 

 a cataract, and higher up, other waterfall* likewise impede the 

 transport of goods. Not far from its mouth Dr. Clarke found the 

 breadth of the river from 1| to 2 mile*, and he add*, that the Rhine 

 exhibits nothing grander, and that the bank* of the latter are at no . 

 place more beautifully adorned than those of the Angcrman-Elf. 

 The whole course of the river amounts to upwards of 240 mile*. 

 The Indaln-Elf, which traverses the southern part of Hern 

 or Mcdclpad, 1* the outlet of the lake Storsyon. Thin hike in *it\m1<-.l 

 'land, surrounded by an elevated country, which -xhinit* high 

 and even snow-covered mountain* on the west and "onth. From thene 

 mountains numerous rapid rivemdencend to the lake, which !: charges 

 these collected waters by the Indals-Elf. It issues from the lake on 

 its northern side, and flows for some distance to the north ; it then 



