- 



M.T. 



sad T-rnnrjr: sad the town has on this account a great number of 

 boarding-echooU Among the chief industrial product* are paper, 

 our, brandy, p-ttery, tiles, glove-leather, serges, woollen and cotton 

 Tswn, *. The trade in these products and in grain, wine, groceries, 

 hemp, flax, trams*, chestnuts, saffron, staves, corks, *c , is consider- 

 able. In the suburbs of Honmeau are bonded warehouses for salt, 

 nrovistoua. and other articles of commerce. A weekly market is held 

 in AngouMme on Tuesday, a fair on the 15th of every month, and two 

 ifhtday lair* open on May 24 and November 8. 



ANGOUMOIS, one of the old provinces of Prance, of which 

 AngonUtn* was the capital It i* comprised in the department of 

 Charente. This territory was subjected to the Merovingian kings till 

 the time of Kudes, duke of Aquitaine. Prom his grandson it was 

 issUil by king Pepin. U wan afterward* governed by count*, one 

 of whom, Ouillaume Taillefer, in the 10th century, made himself 

 absolute proprietor of Angoumois, acknowledging however the 

 suzerainty of the duke of Aquitaine. The Taillefers held the county 

 till the death of Aimard XIII. in 1218, whose only daughter, Isabelle, 

 married Hugh de Lusignan, count of La Marche, and thus the bouse 

 of Lusignan became possessed of the county of Angoumois. After 

 the death of Hugh Lebrun, count of Angouleme, who disinherited 

 bis brother Quyard de Lusignan, the county of Angoumois was ceded 

 by Marie de Lusignan, Hugh's sister, to Philip the Fair in 1308* 

 The English got possession of Angoumois by the treaty of Bro'tigny 

 in 1360 ; but they were soon after driven out of it by Charles V., who 

 made the territory an appanage of the princes royal of Prance. 



A NORA, a sea-port, and the capital town of the Azores, is situated 

 on the south coast of the island of Terceira, in 38 33' N. lat, 

 27* 14' W. long. The population is about 14,000. It is situated at 

 the mouth of a small river, in a bay formed by the point of the Monte 

 de Brazil The name Angra in Spanish and Portuguese signifies a 

 small bay or cove. It is the seat of the Portuguese governor-general 

 of the Azores, is strongly fortified and defended by a castle, and has 

 an arsenal and a military college. It is also the see of the bishop of 

 the Azores, and contains a cathedral and five parish churches. The 

 Portuguese regency resided in Angra from 1830. till the capture of 

 Oporto and Lisbon by Don Pedro, and during this period the fortifi- 

 cations were greatlv augmented and strengthened. 



ANGKA IH)S I'.KYS, in the province of Rio Janeiro, is the most 

 extensive closed bay which occurs on the coast of Brazil, being larger 

 than those of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. It extends parallel to the coast 

 from east to west more than 70 miles in length, between 43 40' and 

 44* 55' W. long.; but its width nowhere exceeds 20 miles, and in 

 some places is less than 10 miles. Two projecting promontories lie at 

 its extremities, Punta Guaratiba on the east, and Punta de Joatinga 

 on the west, and between these two capes extend two islands, which, 

 lying parallel to the beach, separate the bay from the ocean, and 

 constitute the three entrances to it. The eastern of these islands, 

 that of Marambaya, is about 30 miles long ; but about two-thirds of it 

 consists of a sand-bank, which is low, though covered with vegetation. 

 The remainder U high and wooded. The entrance of the bay between 

 the sand-bank and Cape Ouaratiba is narrow, and ha* so little depth 

 that it can only be entered by sirtn.ll vessels. It is called Barra de 

 Gnaratiba. West of the island of Marambaya, and separated from it 

 by the Barra de Marambaya, is the Ilha Grande, which is nearly 15 miles 

 long, and about 7 miles broad in the widest part It is very rocky, 

 but the rock* do not rise to a great elevation. The Barra de Maram- 

 baya is about 5 miles wide, and 25 fathoms deep. Between the Ilha 

 Grande and the Punta de Joatinga is the Barra de Cayrussu, which is 

 8 miles wide and about 30 fathoms deep. Within the bay are found 

 a great number of small islands. They are all rocky and elevated, 

 and between them then is very safe anchorage. The bay of Angra 

 dos Reys is nearly everywhere surrounded by high rocks, which, at a 

 distance of from 4 t> 6 miles from the beach, rise to mountains 

 1600 to 2000 feet high. Only opposite the sand-bank of Marambaya 

 v fertile plain, on which the Imperial Palace of Santa Cruz is 

 built The vicinity of the Urge town of Rio de Janeiro, which is hardly 

 SO mils* distant from the eastern extremity of the bay, and the facility 

 of sending the produce to that place by sea, has in the lost thirty 

 years much contributed to extend cultivation in the country inclosing 

 the bay. Besides mandioc, rice, and Indian corn, which are extensively 

 cultivated, coffee, sugar, and some indigo are grown. On it* shores 

 are the town* of Angra do* Reys and Paratl The town of Angra dos 

 Rsya stand* opposite the Ilha Grande, and vessels of the largest size 

 * swtar it* port It ha* a considerable commerce in rice and fruits, 



I BUOOM*rl WcP "** '*" iI *- > -*> -- -: _ -i A nt\f\e\ :__i i 



1 well in its vicinity : it contains about 8000 inhabitant*. 

 Is a regularly built town, with an active commerce, several 

 erie.. and 10,000 inhabitant*. 



Oril.LA, or Snake Island, i* one of the British West India 

 (L*wart) Islands; the town lies in 18 8' N. lat, 83 12' W. long. 

 island is about 20 mile, long, by 6 miles broad, and contains about 

 wtanta. AngnilU was first settled by the English in 1650, 

 "rtsaosd their possession. It is so low and flat that 

 MOT at * grater distance than four or five league*. The 



th in wood 

 The town 



MOT at * grater distance than four or five league*. 

 7* ? "f"2~J nrti *. "d to. pUo. i. deficient both in 

 It prodMM sofar, cotton, tobacco, and maize. The 

 " Mt> b wU-e**t end 



very 



- ; it U a small place, with 



The bay in which it stand. U so shut in by 



reef* a* to be of little value a* a harbour. The island of Anguilla U 

 very near the north side of the island of St Martin > the channel 

 between the two, which in some places is not more than 4 miles wide, 

 affords good anchoring ground in from 7 to 20 fathoms water. 

 Several small low islet* lie west from Anguilla ; the largest of these, 

 Dog Island, has a few inhabitant*. 



ANGUS. [FonFARSHiRt] 



ANHALT, an ancient principality in the north of Germany, lie* 

 between 51 35' and 52 ' N. lat., 11* 38' an<l . .ng., and i* 



bounded N. by Brandenburg, E. and S. by Prussian Saxony, S.W. by 

 the earldom of Mansfeld, and N. W. by Brunswick and the Prussian 

 government of Magdeburg. It is watered by the Kll ... which flows 

 through it from east to west, and by its tributaries, the Mulde aud 

 Saale. It produces corn, fruit, flax, hemp, tobacco, lime, hop*, rape- 

 seed, iron, copper, lead, timber, and coal ; and rears a considerable 

 quantity of cattle and sheep. The principality occupies an elongated 

 tract, the largest portion of which lies on the right bank of the Elbe, 

 and of which the greatest length is 60 miles, with a breadth varying 

 from 12 to 16 mile*. 



This principality, which is exceeded in fertility by no state in 

 Germany, and forms a richly-cultivated plain, excepting where, the 

 acclivities of the Harz Mountains project in the direction of Bernburg, 

 was formerly a compact territory ; and its rulers assume their origin 

 from Ascanius, grandson of Japhet the son of Noah, whose descend- 

 ants are reputed to have migrated from the marshes of Ascania in 

 Bithynia, and at last to have settled among the forests of Germany. 

 Hence the princes of Anhalt to this day designate themselves ' Counts 

 of Ascania.' Their ancestral seat was the stronghold of Anhalt, lying 

 on the Harz, which is said to have been built by Eaico of Ballenstaedt 

 in 940. It* only remains at the present day are the fragments of 

 some of it* vault*. There is no family in Germany which has pro- 

 duced a greater number of brave and skilful warriors than the House of 

 Anhalt; beginning with Bemhard, who declined the impcri.il - . ptr.' 

 in 1 1 98, because he deemed himself ' too corpulent ' for such a il i 

 or from Wolfgang, one of the staunche.it soldiers of the Reformation, 

 who on being reinstated in his possessions exclaimed, " Though old 

 and poor, I would give a thousand florins could I but gibbet a pope ; " 

 down to Leopold, who led the Brandenburg troops to victory in the 

 Low Countries and Italy, created the l'ru.-iun infantry, mid invented 

 the iron ramrod. Upon the death of Joachim, which happened in 

 1586, his four sons divided the principality between them ; and thence 

 arose the respective petty sovereignties of Dessau, Bemburg, Zerbst, 

 and Kothen. 



The House of Anhalt-Zerbst became extinct in I'M, and the prin- 

 cipality was shared in equal portions among the three surviving 

 branclieH. Their erection into duchies is of recent date ; the prince 

 of Bernburg having been created duke in 1806, and the princes of 

 Dessau and Kbtheu having been raised to the same dignity in the 

 following year. The duchy of Anhalt-Kothen became extinct on the 

 death of duke Heinrich, without male heirs, in 1847, and the govern- 

 ment of this duchy, according to a family pact dated June 22, 1665, 

 devolved on the duke of Auhalt-Dessau, who governs for the two 

 surviving branches of the House of Anhalt The duchies possess, in 

 conjunction with Oldenburg, Schwarzburg, and Liechtenstein, a single 

 vote in the diet of the Germanic confederation, but each of them a 

 distinct vote in its plenary assemblies ; they furnish a contiiiu 

 1224 men to the federal army. 



The form of government in the duchies is monarchical. The funda- 

 mental law* rest on various decrees promulgated by the princes. 

 Constitutions were granted in the two existing duchies, wo believe in 

 1848, but they have been since revoked, and the whole of tin- 

 live and administrative powers have been vested in a ministry of 

 responsible only to the primv. 



1. Anhalt- Ihaiiti if, the most eastern of the duchies, and is watered 

 by the Elbe and Mulde, which meet a little below the capital, Dessau. 

 Its area is 3406 square miles, and its population in 1849 was 63,700. 

 To this must be added the duke's mediatised possessions, which cover 

 an area of 190 square miles, with 12,000 inhabitants. The rr\rmi'' 

 of the duchy amounted in 1852 to 671,687 thalers. The chief towns 

 are DESSAU and ZERBST. 



2. Anlia!t Knthrn lies in the centre of the principality, between the 

 two existing duchies. Its area is 307 square miles, and its population 

 43,120. The revenue in 1852 was 445,388 thalers. The late duke 

 Heinrich, who was a great promoter of railroads through his duchy, 

 also possessed estate* in South Russia, covering an area of 211 square 

 miles. He also possessed the principality of Anlialt-l'Iess in Prussian 

 Silesia : rty at his death fell to the count of Hochbcrg. The 

 chief town i 



3. Anlmli llrrnhury. the most western of the duchies, extends from 

 the Harz along the Saale, and contain* an area of 317 square miles : 

 the population in 1850 was 50,411, The revenue in 1 852 amounted 

 to 808,888 thalers. The mediatised possessions of this house are the 

 estate of Haua-Zeitz in the province of Saxe, the village of Belleben in 

 the government of Merseburg, and a |*rt of the area of the former 

 lake of Aschenleben, which was drained and made into arable land in 

 1703 : these possession* yield a revenue of 19,000 thalers. The chief 

 town is BERN BURU 



Railroads connect the towns of Dessau, Kothen, and Bernburg; 



