335 



ANTIOCHEIA. 



ANTONINUS. 



356 



Phoenician, Greek, and Roman coins have been found in great 

 numbers in the neighbourhood of Antioch. 



ANTIOCHEIA of Pisidia, a town of Asia Minor, where St. Paul, 

 accompanied by St. Barnabas, preached the Gospel (Acts xiii. xiv.) 

 It was the capital of the Roman province of Pisidia, and for several 

 centuries gave title to a Christian bishop. The site of the city is now 

 ascertained to be occupied by Yalobatch, which stands at the western 

 base of the Sultan-Dagh, in 38 12' N. lat., 31 19' E. long., 15 miles 

 S.W. from Ak-Shehr. The remains of the ancient city, consisting of 

 ruined temples, an aqueduct, and walls, are described in Arundell's 

 Discoveries in Asia Minor, and in Hamilton's Asia Minor. 



ANTI'PAROS, the ancient Olearos, one of the Cyclades Islands, 

 in the ^Egean Sea, ia situated between Siphnos and Paros, and sepa- 

 rated from the latter by a dangerous channel one mile and a half wide. 

 It is 7 miles long from N. to S., and 3 miles broad, and contains about 

 500 inhabitants ; its productions consist of a small quantity of poor 

 wine, and a little cotton and barley. The island is a mass of white 

 marble, and is only celebrated for the grotto near its southern extremity. 

 The entrance, which is on the side of a rock, is by a low arch formed of 

 rough craggy rocks, about 30 paces wide, and divided into two by several 

 natural pillars. This passage continues about 20 yards, and terminates 

 in a precipice which is descended by the aid of ropes fastened to the 

 masses of stalactite. After advancing a little farther under a ridge of 

 rugged rocks there is another descent, but not so precipitous as the 

 last Another passage about 9 feet high and 7 feet wide, with walls 

 and arched roof composed of glittering white and red marble, and as 

 smooth as if wrought by art, leads to a third precipice, the sides of 

 which appear like a sheet of amethysts. Then follows a sloping passage 

 of about 200 yards, on each side of which the petrifactions assume 

 the appearance of a ragged curtain partially drawn, and occasionally 

 of snakes coiled up in folds ; this conducts to the fourth and last 

 descent. At the bottom of this is the grotto, 120 yards long, 113 yards 

 wide, and 60 feet high ; it is an immense arch of white marble, from 

 the roof of which depend large stalactites 10 feet long, and as thick 

 as a man's body, idth a thousand festoons and leaves of the same 

 substance ; the floor is rough and uneven, with various coloured 

 crystals and stalagmites rising up ; and in the centre ia a stalagmite 

 20 feet in diameter and 24 feet high. When lighted up, the whole 

 presents a most brilliant and magnificent scene, but the smoke from 

 the torches of the numerous visitors has somewhat dimmed its efful- 

 gence. In some places the stalactites have partitioned off portions of 

 the cavern into cells. The difficulty of reaching the grotto has Uittcrly 

 been much diminished by the provision of rope-ladders, torches, &c., 

 for which the guides make a small demand on the purse of the 

 traveller. It is not certain that the extremity of the grotto has ever 

 been explored. The highest point of the island is in 37 N. lat., and 

 25 3' E. long. 



ANTI'PODES, a term from the Greek, meaning literally those who 

 stand feet to feet, as is the case with the inhabitants of two opposite 

 points of the globe. 



Two antipodal points of the earth have the same number of degrees 

 of latitude, one north and the other south, unless one of the points be 

 on the equator, in which case the antipodal point is the opposite point 

 of the equator. Their longitude differs by 180 degrees, or 12 hours, 

 if we reckon longitude all round the globe ; but if we use east and 

 west longitude, the two longitudes together must make up 180 degrees, 

 or 12 hours, one east and the other west. For example, the antipodes 

 of a point in 22 N. lat. and 60 E. long., are in 22 S. lat. and 120 

 W. long. We here insert, in opposite columns, the names of a few 

 places which are nearly antipodal : 



London [ Ant 'P 0flcs Island, S.E. of New 



' \ Zealand. 



Nertchinsk . . . . Falkland Islands. 



Nankin .... Buenos Ayres. 



Mouths of the Amazonag Moluccas. 



Bermudas . . . . Swan River. 



Quito .... Middle of Sumatra. 



Lima Siam. 



Timbuctoo . . . Friendly Islands. 



Azores . . . . Botany Bay. 



Spain .... New Zealand. 



Antipodal places have the same climate, so far as that depends merely 

 on latitude, but have all the seasons, days and nighta, completely 

 reversed. Thus, noon of the longest day at the Bermudas is midnight 

 of the shortest day at the Swan River. The remark as to the seasons 

 of course does not apply to antipodal places on the equator. 



When it is noon at any one place, it is midnight at the antipodes, 

 and sunrise and sunset are reversed in the same manner. But we 

 may ask, when it is noon on Friday at London, is it Friday night or 

 Thursday night at Antipodes Island / There is no rule to determine 

 this : we might call it either one or the other with perfect consistency. 

 If two travellers were to set out from London for Antipodes Island, 

 one of whom should go eastward through Europe and Asia, and the 

 other westward through America, whatever time they might respec- 

 tively take for the voyage, they would not agree in naming the day of 

 their meeting. If they meet at the moment when Saturday morning 

 begins at London, that is, at midnight between Friday and Saturday, 

 in which case it will bo noon at Antipodes Island, the eastern traveller 

 OEOO. wv. VOL. i. 



will call it Saturday, and the western Friday. The reason is as follows : 

 the traveller who goes east sets out to meet the sun in the morning, 

 and will therefore have that luminary on the meridian (that is, he will 

 have noon) sooner than if he had remained stationary. He therefore 

 shortens his day a little, or to him the same absolute time is a larger 

 proportion of the interval between two noons, and by thus gaining a 

 little each day he is 12 hours before London when he reaches the 

 Antipodes. The western traveller, on the contrary, turns his back on 

 the sun in the morning, which is therefore on his meridian later than 

 it would have been had he remained stationary. Before he reaches 

 the Antipodes he has lost 12 hours; but the other traveller has 

 gained as much, which together makes a whole day's difference in 

 their reckoning. 



AN'TIUM (now Porto cFAnzo), a seaport on the coast of Latium, 

 and an ancient Latin city dependent on Rome until a few years after 

 the battle of the lake Regillus, when it was taken by the Volsci. The 

 Romans took it again in B.C. 468 and colonised it. Soon after, in 

 B.C. 459, the city revolted, and recovering its independence, became 

 the capital of the Volsci for nearly 120 years. Antium was from the 

 earliest times a place of some commerce, and its inhabitants were 

 much given to piracy. It is noted in Roman history as the place of 

 refuge of Coriolanus. Antium, after having been often the e.nemy 

 and at times the ally of Rome, was finally taken .by the Romans, B.C. 

 337, and became again a Roman colony. On this occasion they were 

 deprived of all their ships of war, the rostra, or beaks, with which 

 they were armed being taken . as trophies to Rome, where they were 

 placed in the forum, as ornaments to the hustings from which the 

 orators pleaded before the magistrates and the assembled people, and 

 which in consequence took the name of ' Rostra.' Antium was taken 

 and ravaged by Marius in the civil wars, but soon recovered, and 

 became a favourite place of residence with the wealthy Romans, many 

 of whom, Cicero among others, had splendid villas here. Augustus 

 had a residence at Antium, and here Caligula and Nero were born. 

 Nero excavated a port, and adorned it with fine buildings. Nero also 

 built here a palace for his wife PoppEea. To Antoninus Pius the city 

 was indebted for an aqueduct, part of which still remains ; and Sep- 

 timius Severus enlarged the imperial villa. The harbour seems to 

 have been available for ships till A.D. 537. The port having been filled 

 in after-times, Pope Innocent XII. built a mole which serves to shelter 

 vessels of light burden. There is also a small fort and a prison for 

 convicts. The population of Porto d'Anzo is about 500 ; and it is 

 altogether a poor place. The malaria prevails all about the country 

 around in summer, but is not quite so fatal within the place itself on 

 account of its situation on a hill above the sea. Anzo exports a great 

 quantity of charcoal made from the wood of the neighbouring forests. 

 It is also frequently resorted to by coasting vessels, it being the only 

 place of shelter in bad weather between Gaeta and Civita Vecchia. 

 Porto d'Anzo is 30 miles S. by E. from Rome. Antium possessed a 

 famous temple of Fortune, which stood on the promontory above 

 the modern town, and which is celebrated by Horace (' Carm.' i. 35). 

 There was also a temple of ^Esculapius. The remains at Antium 

 comprise portions of the ancient Latin or Volscian walls ; ruins of 

 Roman structures extending along the coast on each side of the pro- 

 montory, and supposed to have formed part of the imperial villa ; 

 and the moles and other works for forming the ancient port, which 

 was a basin nearly two miles in circumference. In the excavations 

 made among the ruins of the imperial villa, two of ^.he noblest works 

 of ancient art the Apollo Belvedere and the Fighting Gladiator were 

 discovered. Among the numerous inscriptions the most valuable is 

 part of an ancient calendar. 



ANTIVARI, a seaport town in the north of Albania, in European 

 Turkey, on the coast of the Adriatic, is situated 14 miles N.W. frori 

 the town of Scutari, in 42 4' N. lat., 19 9' E. long., near the mouth 

 of the river Boiana, which forms the outlet of the lake of Scutari. It 

 was peopled during the middle ages by Italian colonists, and is still 

 the see of a Catholic archbishop. It was taken from the Venetians in 

 1573 ; and the inhabitants are now chiefly Mohammedans. They 

 amount to about 4000, and are for the most part seamen. Antivari 

 forms the port of Skodre', or Scutari, and is the depot of the valley 

 of the Drin. It is defended by a fortress. 



ANTCECI, from the Greek, signifies those who live over against 

 each other, and is applied to designate the inhabitants of two places 

 which have the same longitudes and latitudes, only differing in one 

 latitude being north and the other south. For example, the inhabitants 

 of Malta and the inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope are nearly 

 AntcecL Two antcecial places have the same hour of day or night, 

 but opposite seasons of the year. 



ANTONIN, ST. [TABN-ET-GABOXNI:.] 



ANTONI'NUS, THE ITINERARY OF, one of the most valuable 

 works in a geographical point of view which has descended to us 

 from the ancients. It is merely what its name imports, an itinerary ; 

 but it extends over the whole Roman empire in its widest sense, 

 embracing all the main roads in Italy and the provinces, in each of 

 which the different stations are named with the intervening distances. 

 There is also annexed to it a brief maritime itinerary of the distances 

 from port to port. This work, with the ' Peutiugerian Table' and 

 the ' Jerusalem Itinerary,' is of great use in constructing the maps 

 of the Roman and Grecian world. In a work of such value it has 



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