air ANTONINTTB. 



DM an obi*** of MOM intan* to d*t*nnine th* date of iu publiea- 

 tioa and the name of its author ; for th* name of Antoninus, under 

 which It BOW pajM, has been retained perhaps more from the conve- 

 niatx* of having some coov*rtonal author to refer it to, than from any 

 good reason for believing that nuch was really th* author's name. 

 To the different manuscript copies of the work it is variously ascribed 

 to Julius C*ar, Anton -. Autonius Augustalis, and Anto- 



ninus Augustus. On a connv ill the arguments adduced by 



Weawling in th* preface to his excellent edition of the work, there 

 MOM to us reason for thinking that some share in the authorship 

 may b* ascribed to the three distinguished names, Julius Cx*ar, M. 

 Antonius, and Augustus, though such is not the opinion, it should In- 

 stated, of Wwwling himself. The main, though n y argu- 

 ment of W*nUng seems to be, that had such a work existed in the 

 age of Pliny it must have been mentioned by him. Negative reason- 

 ing of this kind is not of great weight, especially in relation to a writer 

 so incorrect a* Pliny. That itineraries of some sort must have existed 

 in the time of Pliny can scarcely admit of doubt. Even in the history 

 of Herodotus we find Aristagoras, the tyrant of Miletus, possessed of 

 map of the whole world on copper, ' containing every sea and every 

 river ; and this historian himself has given a rough kind of itinerary 

 of the road from Ephesus to Susa, apparently from personal knowledge 

 of the route. Alexander in his march to India was provided with a 

 corps of officers called Bematistie (fruuertvrai), whose especial duty it 

 was to measure the roads and record the different distances. As early 

 as the time of Polybins the Romans had laid down mile-atones from 

 the Rhdn* to the Pyrenees ; and Strabo says that the great Egnatian 

 road from Apollonia on the Adriatic to the Hebrus was similarly 

 marked by a column at every eight stadia, or Roman mile. Agrippa, 

 g other ornaments of the Roman capital, designed a noble geo- 

 lioal monument in a representation of the whole world on a 

 ico, a design which was completed by Octavia and her imperial 

 ther in the Octavian portico. Even the provincial city of Augus- 

 todnnum (Autun) had porticoes of the same kind, where maps of 

 every part of the known world, with all the names, were exhibited to 

 the youth of Gallia. Now if any period were to be selected at which 

 it was probable that the grand work of measuring all the roads in the 

 empire would be undertaken, it would be the moment when the vic- 

 tories of Csmar in Greece, Egypt, Asia, Africa, and Spain, had at last 

 consolidated the Roman 'conquests ; and he who conferred on hia 

 country the great blessing of a well-constituted calendar would natu- 

 rally direct his mind to the scarcely less im)>ortant object of a general 

 survey of the empire. But we are not left to conjecture, . thicus 

 (a geographical writer of uncertain date, but not later than the 4th 

 century, if it be true that St. Jerome translated his ' Cosmographia ' 

 from Greek into Latin) states in as many words that Julius Csjsar, 

 the author of the bissextile year, ordered n general survey of the 

 empire under a decree of the senate. This waft undertaken in three 

 parts, he tells us ; the east by Zenodoxus, the north by Theodntus, 

 the south by Polycleitus. They began their labours in B.C. 44, the 

 year in which Julius Ctenrand M. Antonius were consuls, and finished 

 them respectively in B.C. 80, 24, and 19, when Augustus, now sole 

 master of the Roman world, gave the sanction of the legislature to the 

 result* by a second decree of the senate. This passage of yKthieim, 

 which certainly bears on the face of it no evidence of forgery or fraud, 

 will well account JOT the various names prefixed, as above stated, to 

 the manuscript copies of the ' Itinerary ; ' and it is not impossible that 

 i" himself may have been the editor of the work in the form in 

 which it has coma down to us. The ' Itinerary' has been found 

 forming part of the same manuscript with bin ' Conmographia,' and 

 indeed even the* authorship of the work ha* been assigned to ./Ethicus 

 by more than one writer of the middle ages. 



That the ' Itinerary,' supposing it to be founded originally upon the 

 above-mentioned public documents, afterwards received many addition* 

 and modifications, cannot and need not be disputed. The roads of 

 Britain could not have been all added until the time of Severn*, whose 

 vallum, or great wall of protection against the Picts (erected A.D. 209), 

 is more than once mentioned. The name Diocletianopolis (p. 330), 

 earrie* us to a period between 285 and 305 ; and the expressioi 

 suits qu*9 modo Maximianopolis ' (p. .". "..rsiili*, 



which has been recently changed to Maxii loads to the 



same date. The insertion of the name Constnntinopnlj after that of 

 Byzantio affords but weak ground for any < < the words 



qiisc et Constantinopoli' (p. 189), and 'qTMConntantinopolsi' (p. 323) 

 arc not found in the Vatican manuscript. So again the words 

 siantinnpoli usque Antiochia ' (p. 1 40) are omitted in the same manu- 

 script, and condemned by WesVeling himnelf. These three on 

 caanot b* accidental. And besides these there is not a trace of any 

 MOM marking a period later than the reign of Diocletian; for th'. 

 tation fandidiana (p. 223) has no connection with ' ..derius, 



bat may rather b* compared, as to its tenninnt in,, with -innl . 

 in pp. 85, 88, 8, 94, ftc. On the other hand, Cirta, the grwt 

 Kumidia, is not called Ooostantina ; Antarndus on the Phoenician coast 

 fa not called Constanta. N,. r in there any the slightest allusion to 

 Uw Chrirtan reliirfon which might well have been made in K| 

 of AnWoch ; white, nn the contrary, we find the name* of Juno ( p. 524 ), 

 Minerva (p. 686), Yous (p. 626), Apollo, Diana, and Laton* (pp. 527, 



ANTRIM. as 



As a specimen of the work we quote a few lines which may be inter 

 rating to the reader of Horace's amusing journey to Brundisium. In 

 this extract it will be wen that little regard is paid to the grammatical 

 cases ; but this is not an evidence of a very late age, for even before 

 the time of Constantine it had become not uncommon to consider the 

 names of pfaces as indeclinable ; and the case selected to serve for all 

 was generally th* accusative or ablative. The numbers within brackets 

 mark a variation in the manuscript copies, some of which admit of 

 easy explanation, but the occurrence of these errors in (he number of 

 miles is the chief drawback from the value of the work. The road 

 commence* from Rome : 



Aricia M. I'. 



Tribus UberniH . . . M. I' XVII. 



Appi Foro . . . . M. I'. X. [XVIII. | 



i . .'.-, M. P. XVI II. [XXVIII.] 



Kundis . . . . M. P. X1III. [XVI.] 



Formis M. P. XIII. 



Mintumis . . . . M. P. IV 



Sinuessa M. P. IX. [XIIII.J 



H M. P. XXVI. 



Caudis M. P. XXI. 



Benevento . . . . M. P. XI. 



Equotutico . . . . M. I'. XXI. 



Ecas M. I'. XVIII. 



Erdonias M. P. XV1I1I. [XVIII.] 



Canusio . . . . M. P. XX \ I. 



Rubos M. P. XXIII. 



Butuntus . . . . M. P. XI. 



Barium M. I'. XII. 



Turribus . . . . M. 1'. XXI. 



Egnatiw M. P. XVI. [XXI.] 



Speluncas . . . . M. P. XX. 



Brundiniiini . . . . M. P. XVIIII. [XXIII.] 

 ANTONINUS, WALL OF. This was an intrenchment raised by 

 the Romans across the north of Britain under the direction of Lollius 

 Urhirus, legate of Antoninus Pius, about the year 140, and is supposed 

 to have connected a line of forts erected by Agricola in the year 80. 

 Of ancient writers, it is noticed by Julius Capitolinus only, and by 

 him it is termed a turf wall (nurui capitiliui). The work was composed 

 of a ditch, a rampart with its parapet, made of materials taken from 

 the ditch, and a military way formed with much skill, running along 

 the whole line of the intrenchment at the distance of a few yards on 

 the south side. It extended from Dunglass Castle on the Clyde to the 

 heights above Caer Ridden Kirk, a little beyond the river Avon on 

 tlu> Frith of For<h, or probably to Blackness Castle, 2 miles farther 

 on, though it cannot now be traced so for. In its course are 19 forts, 

 the 1 8 distances between which amount to 63,980 yard*, or 36 English 

 miles and nearly 8 furlongs, and the mean distance from station to 

 station is 3554 yards, or rather more than 2 English miles. In the 

 position of the forts the Romans chose a commanding situation from 

 whence the country could be seen to a considerable distance, contriving. 

 as far as circumstances would permit, that a river, morass, or some 

 difficult ground should form an obstruction to any approach from the 

 front Forts were also placed upon the passages of those rivers which 

 crossed the general chain of communicni i inscriptions dis- 



covered in Scotland it appears that the intrenchment was mode by the 

 second legion, by vexillations of the sixth and the twentieth legion, and 

 the first cohort of the Tungri. A very considerable portion of the 

 intrenchment may still be traced. The modern name in Griinos Dyke ; 

 Grime, in the Celtic language, signifies groat or powerful 



(General Roy's it Hilary A n/t'j uiliei of Britain ; Horsley's Britpnnia.) 

 ANTONIO, ST. [CAPE VBBDE ISLA> 



ANTRIM, a maritime county of th. ) n.vince of Ulster in Ireland ; 

 bounded If. by the Atlantic Ocean, E. by the Irish Chan- 

 Bolfont Lough, S. 1 -ity of Down, S.W. by Lough Nea^ ' 



\V. by the county of Londonderry, from which it is separated i 

 most part by the river Bum. It lies between 54 28' and 65 !:' N. 

 lat., and between 5 40' and 6 87' W. long. The total area, ace 

 to the Parliamentary Returns of 1851, was 762,553 acres, of which 

 236,147 were under crop ; 353,602 in grass ; 7555 occupied as woods 

 or plantations; 6390 fallow or unoccupied ; 105,998 in water, bog, or 

 waste land ; nearly 2000 are comprised in towns ; and the rem 

 sre estimated for the larger rivers, lake*, and tideways. The popula- 

 tion in 1841 was 861,496; in 1861 it was 852,264. The Poor-Law 

 valuation for 1851 was 702.W16/. Carrickfergus, though in itself a 

 . .niity of a town, with as much of Belfast as is within the county of 

 A i. 'rim. ore included throughout the above enumeration. 



f-iirfii'-i'. Hydrography, and ComntHnirniiont. The principal eleva- 

 tions are along the sea-coast, the interior of the country /doping towards 

 l.-.u-'h Nragh. The elevations are not great, but, owing to their basaltic 

 formation, they present carped outlines which are impressive and 

 varied. The principal are Devis, on the south-east 1 .' nwtan, 



on the east 1810 feet ; and Knocklayd. on the north 1890 feet. Along 

 the eastern coast, towards the Irish Channel, the chain is broken l>\ 

 lateral valleys of great beauty. The towns of Lame, Glenarm, and 

 Cushendall, are situated respectively at the scawanl extremities of 



illeys, and the whole district from Larne northward to Kair 

 Head, th* north-eastern point of this county and of Ireland, is known 



