KLL. 



AIT! 



4M 



Brmoebw of the Alp* bound tho canton on the east, 

 south, and west, nd some lower oflfcet* run into the interior in * 

 orth-wes* dirwrtion. The mountains bare very steep aide* and aro 

 chiefly composed of limestone, in which there are numerous stalaotitic 

 cavern* n^ grottoo*. The highest point in the canton in the 

 whi.-h rises on the southern border to the height of about 8230 feat ; 

 iu n'ltumit is always eovsjred with mow, and a glacier on iU tide 

 feed* the See-Alp, the principal lake in the canton. In the range of 

 muunUin* <>n the east which separates the oauton from the valley of 

 the Upper Khine the higheit point is the Kamor, the pass over which 

 commands magnificent view* over the whole of the canton on the 

 wwt, the Rhein-thal and the Tyr A on the east, and the lake of Constanz 

 on the north. The north of the canton contains neither inountaiu- 

 ehaius nor valley* properly speaking, but preeente a succession of 

 height* and hollow*. Some of the hills in this part of the canton are 

 conical ; the moat remarkable of them U the hill of Gabris to the 

 north of the village of Gais, on the road from St-Oallen to the 

 thai. Tho view from thin hill U very extensive. The Sitter, which 

 form* the outlet of the Sue- Alp and runa north-went through tliin 

 canton and the neighbouring one of 8t-Gall on it* way to join the 

 Thur, a feeder of the Rhine, is the only stream worth mentioning. 

 The north-went of the canton u crossed by the road from St-Gallen 

 to Petemll through Heriaau, and the projecting part of the canton 

 u travened by two roadi that connect St-Gallen with the Hhein-thal 

 one pawing through Trogen, the other through Gais. Roads also 

 connect the town of Appenxell with Heriaau and Gais, but no roadi 

 Croat the mountains on the southern border of the canton. 



Product. Agriculture is but little practised in this canton except 

 in the low grounds, which are of small extent. Tho principal source* 

 of wealth from the laud consists iu the upland and mountain pastures, 

 on which laiy. numbers of cows are fed. Hones and goats also are 

 numerous ; pigs and sheep lean so. Butter, cheese, honey, wax, and 

 kinchenwasser are exported to Southern Germany, whence the supply 

 of corn U chiefly obtained. Pines and fin are the principal trees in 

 the mountain forests. 1'cat-bogs supply fuel in some places instead 

 of wood, which U more generally used. There are some salt and 

 mineral springs. Game and fish are scarce. Tho climate is cold but 

 generally very healthy. 



ID consequence of religious dissensions which followed the intro- 

 duction of the reformed religion, the canton has been divided since 

 1697 into two independent republics, distinguished as the Inner 

 Rhoden or Interior Appenzell, aud the Auaaer Khoden or Exterior 

 Appeuxell ; tho former lying between the latter and the mountain- 

 on the south, and being entirely a pastoral" country. The word 

 rkadai means 'communes.' Interior Appenzell U u mountainous 

 and wild country with a population of only 11, '270, almost all 

 Catholics aud devoted to a pastoral life. It is little visited by 

 strangers, and its inhabitants retain much of the primitive Swiss 

 simplicity of manners, but are far behind their neighbours in material 

 comfort*. Exterior Appenzell has a population of 43,990, who are 

 almost without exception Protestant, and much addicted to commer- 

 cial and industrial pursuits, especially to the manufacture of cotton, 

 silk, linen, muslin, damasks, ic, 



GorermmaU. Both governments are pure democracies ; in each tho 

 general assembly (landsgsjiMinde) consulting of all the male 

 above 18 yean of age, meeta in a field, and constitute* the sovereign 

 power. In each a grand council forms the executive, proposes the laws 

 for the acceptance of the general assembly, and exercises the admin U- 

 trntivu and judiciary functions. Each commune also has its council. 

 liief magistrate, named the Landamman, is president Until 

 the revolution In Switzerland iu 1847 the two division* of the canton 

 had only a single vote in the federal diet, to which each division sent a 

 deputy in turn. The Inner Khoden now returns one member, the 

 AOSMT Rhoden two members, to the national council. [SwmnUaVDk] 

 The revenue of the canton proceeding from fines and the produce of 

 cantonal property is inconsiderable, the > also i trifling, for 



no establishments are kept up and but few of the public officers are 

 paid : taxes and custom-houses are unknown in the canton. 



/mjtafiii<iiui, Ac.- -The AppenxelK i is are passionately 



fond of dancing, and the peasants of the Atuuur Rhoden, wh< 

 amusement is restricted by law to four or five days in the year, 

 frequently cross the bonier to trip it with their neighbour* of the 

 southern division. They are also much addicted to athletic exercises, 

 especially to wrestling, boxing, and pushing the stone. They are also, 

 like most of their Swiss brethren, famous marksmen : riflo-matchm 

 are held very generally on Sundays in summer and autumn. The 

 dwelling-houses of the peasantry are scattered over the country. 

 rarely collected into villages, and where they are each house generally 

 stands in it* own grounds. Indeed it is only In the Ausser V ! 



is only 



their number is but small 

 the north of the canton, 

 y in the manufacture and 

 ast of the preceding, 



. 



*at any ullage, are found, a 

 Among them mav be mentio 

 the inhabitant* of which are e 



mbrwdsry of muslin ; sod , , 



situated in a bare and bleak but healthy region 8000 feet above the 

 SM. and much frequented in summer by invalids who imbibe vast 

 quantities of foata -milk whey with the notion that their maladies an 

 eared thereby. The bouses of Gais are converted into lodging-houses 

 during the whey-cure season; they are particularly neat and clean, and 



all of them are painted outside. On the summit of the steep pass 

 over the mountains east of Oais leading to AlUUtton in the Khem-thal, 

 a chapel U erected to commemorate the viet vppenzellen 



Uintrians in 1406. The view from the chapel over the 

 valley of the Upper Rhine, 2000 feet below, aud of the snowy moun- 

 tain* of the Tyrol and the Vorarlborg, is very beautiful. Iu Apponiell 



.': , ! : ' :i '!. I, . . . - 



'fuirni. Appaueli, tho capital of Khoden, is situated in a 



valley on the left bank of the Sitter, 7 i 



47 29' N. lat, 24' E. long. : population, including the whole 

 commune, 3200. It is a small, old, and ill-l-mlt place. Two 

 cover^l bridges span the ri. i:ins, a 



council-house, an arsenal, a convent, a nunnery, and a new church, 

 which is hung with flags. In the archive-office are preserved many 

 banners captured during the war of independence in the beginning of 

 the 15th century. The general assembly of the Int. 

 here every year. Appenzull has some trade in linen which is bleached 

 near the town. Between Appenzell and the Seutis mountain are the 

 mineral baths of Weissbad, from which are several walks up the 

 mountain ; one of these leads to a singular hermitage and chapel called 

 Wildkirchlein, scooped in the face of a precipice, and dedicated to 

 St. Michael The upland crossed before reach 5094 



feet above the sea, and in summer U covert. I ...us pasture 



and innumerable flowers. Trogen, the capital of; .iiodeu 



east of the Sitter. 7 miles N.I-;, from Appenzell on the road from 

 St-G alien to Altstatten, has an arsenal, and 2400 inhabitants who 

 manufacture linen aud muslin. Htritau, the capital of the Ausser 

 Ithoden west of the Sitter, is situated 7 miles N.N.W. from Appenzell, 

 and has 2000 inhabitants. The town which is irregularly built 

 at the junction of two small streams which drive the in;..-hin..ry of its 

 numerous factories. Two of the neighbouring heights aro crowned 

 by ruined castles. The lower part of the church tower in which the 

 archives are kept is said to date from the 7th century. J 1. ri-uu has 

 a court-house, an arsenal, an orphan asylum, and u public library. It 

 is the centra of important silk, cotton, an. I muslin manufactures, aud 

 the most commercial place in all the canton. About a mile en- 

 arc the mineral sprim?- of Heinrichsbad, at which there is a commo- 

 dious bath house. Hither also numerous invalids flock in suuii. 

 the goats' -whey cure : consumptive patients are accommodated with 

 apartments in a cow-house. 



/fiitorical Strtck. The Prankish kings who in the 8th oentun 



extern Helvetia bestowed the royal domains in these mountains 

 and valleys on the abbey of St. Gall By degrees the abbey ac < 

 the iurisdiotion over the whole country, which was confirmed to it in 

 1-'!' J _' l.y the ompri-..r Adolphiu of Nassau. The abbots built a 

 monastery dependent on that of St. Call, which was called A 1 

 ft 1 Hi, and i' . whence the m ensell 



was given iirat to the village which grow around the monastc: 

 afterwards to the whole country. The inhabitants enjoyed miu 

 dominion of the abbey considerable privileges and franchises; they 

 elected their lamlnm;., .11 and otln -r magistrates, and ' id fees 



they were to pay to the abbey we: an elective 



government like that of an abbey much depended on the personal 

 character of the abbot for the time beini;. 

 encroached or allowed their bailiffs to encroach on the lil>ei t 

 these mount. line.Ts, who at lost, after unavailing remonstrances, rose 

 inarms in 1401, surprised the castles which the abbot hud l.uiit in 

 their country, and drove his bailiffs away. A war of several years.' 

 continuance ensued, in which first the impel , Suabia and 



afterwards Austria itself took the abbot's part ; but the Appenzellen 

 assisted by the men of Schwyz aud Glarus repeatedly defeated their 

 enemies. At last peace was made, and the, Appenxeilers were recog- 

 nised as an independent people ; l.ut it was not till the year 1513 that 

 they were finally receiv. 

 formed the 13th car 'i -' \M>. I 



I A VIA, an ancient road in Italy. It was first laid down as 

 far as Capua by Appiux < ho afterward- from the loss of bis 



eight was called (' -12. At a later period 



it was continued as far as Brumlinium. For the towns through which 

 it passed nee AM- The road, part* of which 



still exist, was built of squared stones, closely fitted together 

 cement -f various siMS, from one foot to five feet. There 



>. strata beneath; the first of r-.-.v-h stones ceni.ut.-l with 

 mortar, the ^ -eing about 8 feet in depth. 



Th. l.readth of i ) road is about 14 feet, so OH to admit two carriages. 



Al'I'IN. IAH..VI.B.] 



AITI.KI.Y. Westmorland, the county town, a m 



in East Ward, is situated in 84 35' N. 

 ,-. ; 81 miles S.E. from Carlisle, 270 miles N.N.W. fi 

 by road, mid .'.on miles by the North Western r. 

 Valley. The population in 1851 was 1294. The borough possesses a 



or, aldermen, lie., but scarcely any fun 



of mo: nt ore exercised. The livings are ii 



archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle. 



Appleby u beautifully situated upon the river Eden (one of tho 

 flasst trout streams in England), which falls into the Solway Frith 

 below Carlisle. It has been supposed that Appleby was a Roman 

 station, but there is no satisfactory evidence of this. It was however 



