in-. 



APPLEDORE. 



APURE. 



406 



a place of some importance before the Norman conquest and until the 

 time of Henry II., in the 22nd year of whose reign it was surprised 

 and destroyed by William king of Scotland. A similar calamity in 

 the 12th year of Richard II., 1388, prostrated the town. It never 

 entirely recovered from this blow. The greatest part still lay in ruins 

 in the time of Philip and Mary, and on this account the rent due to 

 the crown was reduced from 20 marks annually to 2 marks, or II. 6s. 8d. 

 Burralls, a hamlet at the distance of nearly a mile, is supposed to have 

 derived ita name from Burgh walls ; and the remains of buildings have 

 been dug or ploughed up two or three miles from Appleby. 



Appleby is situated in two parishes, St. Lawrence on the left and St. 

 Michael on the right side of the river. The greater part of the town 

 lies in the parish of St. Lawrence ; St. Michael, popularly called 

 Bongate, contains but few houses, and ia principally an agricultural 

 parish. The two parishes are separate vicarages. The high road from 

 London to Carliale by Brough and Penrith passes through Bongate. 

 An ancient stone bridge of two arches crosses the Eden and connects 

 the two parishes of Appleby with each other. The main street, which 

 is irregularly built on the slope of a hill, is of considerable width, 

 having the castle at its upper and the parish church of St. Lawrence 

 at its lower extremity. The town contains some well-built houses, 

 and has a neat appearance ; it is lighted with gas. The castle is 

 finely situated upon a lofty and well-wooded eminence, and commands 

 from the summit of ita ancient keep a noble view of the surrounding 

 country. The keep is still surrounded by a moat, but the drawbridge 

 ban been removed. This fine keep, called Caesar's Tower, though not 

 of Roman date is of great antiquity, as is also a portion of the castle ; 

 but the larger part of the edifice was rebuilt in 1686 by the then 

 Earl of Thanet, who inherited it from the Clifford family, and in the 

 possewrion of whose descendants it still remains. The gardens 

 belonging to the castle are of considerable extent, and from their 

 elevated position command a rich and varied prospect. A suit of 

 steel and gold armour, said to have been worn by George Clifford in his 

 capacity of champion to Queen Elizabeth, is preserved in the castle. 



In consequence of the adherence of the town of Appleby to the cause 

 of Charles, Oliver Cromwell imposed upon it a ' Charter of Restrictions,' 

 which for a time was enforced by a garrison. This restrictive charter 

 was however annulled on the restoration of Charles II., which event 

 was celebrated in the town with great pomp and festivity under the 

 auspices of the celebrated Anne Clifford, Countess of Pembroke and 

 Montgomery, who at that time occupied her castle at Appleby which 

 she had fortified for King Charles I., and who now, aged aa she was, 

 " thought not her gates wide enough to receive her guests." 



The church of St. Lawrence was in a great measure rebuilt in 1 655 

 by the Countess of Pembroke, who also left a fund for keeping it in 

 repair. The church ia large and handsome, and contains the tomb 

 of Anne Countess of Pembroke, and a beautiful monument to the 

 memory of her mother, the Countess of Cumberland, of whom it 

 bears a full length recumbent figure in white marble. There are 

 places of worship for Wesleyan and Association Methodists ; an 

 endowed Grammar-school, founded in 1574, which had 31 scholars in 

 1851, a National and a British school ; a mechanics institute ; and an 

 hospital or alms-house, endowed by the Countess of Pembroke, for 

 the support of 12 widows and a superior, or " mother," and having a 

 chapel for daily prayers. 



Near the church is a cloister, which was rebuilt in 1811 after a 

 design by Mr. Smirke ; it is partly used as a market-house and partly 

 occupied by shops. The main street is ornamented at each extremity 

 by an ancient stone obelisk ; but the town-hall and shambles are most 

 incommodiously placed in ita centre. The shire-hall and new jail are 

 in the parish of St. Michael, or Bongate. The assizes for Westmor- 

 land are held at Appleby twice in the year; the judges on these 

 occasions have been from time immemorial entertained at the castle. 

 A county court is held in the town. 



The weaving of linens and checks is carried on to some extent in 

 Appleby ; also brewing and malting. There is a good retail trade. A 

 woollen manufactory ia seated at Coupland Beck. The market at 

 Appleby is held on Saturday for corn ; a market for sheep is held on 

 the first Thursday in each month ; and there are fairs for cattle, horses, 

 and sheep at Whitsuntide, on the second Wednesday in June, on the 

 21st of August, and on the 30th of September and 1st of October. The 

 last mentioned of these fairs ia known by the name of Brough Hill fair, 

 and ia held on a piece of open ground about aix miles from Appleby. 

 This fair, as well as that held in June, is almost exclusively a cattle 

 and horse fair. 



The borough of Appleby previous to the passing of the Reform Act 

 of 1832, returned two members to Parliament, but was then 

 disfranchised. The revenues of the corporation are applied to the 

 repair of the atreets and to local improvements. 



(Nicholson and Burn's Jfittary of Cumberland and Wettmorland ; 

 Corrftpondent at AppM//.) 



APPLEDORE, Devonshire, a port and market-town in the parish 

 of Northam and hundred of Shebbear, is situated upon an acclivity 

 on the left bank of the river Torridge, at its confluence with the Taw, 

 in 51 3' N. Int., 4 12' W. long., 44 mil.-: N.\V. from Exeter, and 

 204 miles W. by S. from London. The population of the town in 1841 

 wan 2174, of the parish of Northam 3578; the population of the pariah 

 of Northam in 1851 wnj 8680. 



The living ia a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple 

 and diocese of Exeter. 



Appledore is a small place, but has a considerable coasting and 

 American trade; many of the inhabitants are employed in fishing. 

 The average number of vessels which arrive laden is about 2300 

 annually, nearly half of which proceed to Bideford and Barnstaple. 

 The town has been greatly improved of late years. The parish 

 church is in the village of Northam, above a mile from the town, 

 but on the site of the old chapel in Appledore is a neat district 

 church, built in 1836 by public subscription. There are chapels 

 for Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, and Baptists ; and National 

 and Infant schools. The markets are held on Wednesday and 

 Saturday. 



On the coast near Appledore is a sandy tract of about 800 acres, 

 called " Northam Burrows," adjoining which is a high bank of 

 pebbles, about a mile long, resembling the Chesil-bank near Weymouth. 

 Kinwith or Kenwith Castle, in besieging which Ubbo or Hubba the 

 Dane was killed in 878, was near Appledore. Henni Borough, or 

 Henni Castle, a small fortified spot not far from Bideford, has been 

 supposed to be the site of this castle. A rude block of stone, which 

 lies on the beach at Appledore, is known as Hubba's Stone, and is 

 popularly believed to mark the spot where Hubba was interred. 



(Route Book of Devon; Correspondent at Appledore.) 



APPLEDORE. [KENT.] 



APT. [VAUCLUSE.] 



APU'LIA, the name of one of the divisions of southern Italy in 

 the time of the Romans. It was bounded E. and N. by the Adriatic 

 Sea, N.W. by the river Frento, or perhaps the Tifernus, which divided 

 it from theFrentani, W. bySamnium, and S. by Lucania and Messapia. 

 It does not appear that the Romans ever considered the Messapian 

 peninsula, now called Terra d'Otranto, as part of Apulia. In remoter 

 ages the whole of this part of Italy was known to the Greeks by the 

 name of lapygia, and was inhabited by the Daunii, the Peucetii or 

 Poediculi, the Messapians, and the Salentini, who were- all said to be 

 descendants of Greek or Pelasgic colonies. The original Apuliana 

 were probably a tribe of the Opici or Osci. (Niebuhr's History of 

 Rome, vol. i.) 



According to Strabo (vi. p. 283), the Peucetii extended along the 

 coast from Brundisium to Barium, a distance of about 700 stadia; 

 north of the Peucetii were the Daunii, and then the Apuli, extending 

 to the southern confines of the Freutani. Strabo adds, that in his 

 time the names of Peucetii and Daunii were not in use among the 

 natives, and that it was difficult to fix the ancient limits of these 

 people. Roman Apulia, in its extended seiise, included the countries 

 of the Apuli, the Daunii, and the Peucetii. The islands of Diomedes, 

 now called Tremiti, belonged also to it. The principal towns of 

 Apulia were Teanum, Luceria, Asculum, Argyrippa or Arpi, Sipontum, 

 Salapia, Barium, Egnatia, Canusium, and Venusia, the birth-place of 

 Horace. This country suffered greatly during the second Punic war, 

 when some of ita towna sided with Hannibal and others with Rome. 

 The whole finally became subject to the Roman sway. After the fall 

 of the western empire the possession of Apulia was long disputed 

 between the Goths, the Byzantine emperors, the Longobards, and the 

 Saracens. The Normans conquered Apulia in the llth century, and 

 the Norman kings of Sicily styled themselves dukes of Apulia and 

 princes of Capua. These two names included the whole of their 

 continental dominions. When afterwards the monarchy was divided 

 into two kingdoms, namely, Sicily vitro, pharum, and Sicily citra 

 pharum (or the kingdom of Naples), the name of Apulia (and in later 

 times Puglia) was definitively limited to one of the four divisions of 

 the continental kingdom, consisting of the Apulia of the Romans 

 and the Messapian peninsula. The Roman Apulia comprised nearly 

 the same territory as the two provinces of Capitanata and Terra di 

 Bari. [BARI, TERRA DI ; CAPITANATA; PUOLIA.] 



APURE, a river in South America, a feeder of the Orinoco, rises in 

 the eastern Cordillera of New Granada, a little south of the town of 

 Pamplona, near 7 N. lat., 73 40' W. long. It is formed by two head 

 streams the Orivante and the Sarare which, running nearly parallel 

 to each other for about 100 miles, and traversing the mountains and 

 the lower hilly tract, meet in the western plains of Venezuela, and 

 form the Apurd river. After the junction of its branches the Apure" 

 turns to the east-north-east, and ia joined by numerous affluents from 

 the north, among which the Rio San Domingo is the most important. 

 The Apurd continues to' flow in an easterly direction for about 200 

 miles to San Fernando. Near 69 W. long, it sends off an arm, which 

 running south-east falls into the Rio Aranea, another affluent of the 

 Orinoco. The large tract of land between these two rivers, the arm 

 of the Apurd just mentioned and the Orinoco, forms the island of 

 Achaguar. At San Fernando the river receives on the left bank the 

 Portugueza, which carries down a very large body of water from the 

 north, collected from a great number of water-courses which drain 

 the Paramo de Rosas and the south-western portion of the coast range 

 of Venezuela. The country which lies between the mouth of the 

 Portugueza and the Orinoco is low and level ; it is under water for 

 several months during the rainy season, when a temporary lake is 

 formed some thousands of square miles in area, and with a depth of 

 20 feet of water, so as to be navigable by large vessels. The great 

 volume of water, which is brought down by the Apurd and the 



