APfKIMAC. 



AKABQIR. 



. and the UttJe degree of consistency in the alluvial soil ' 

 between the Apurrf and the Orinoco cause the country, fekh for 

 tkne or four month* is a lake, to present during the remainder of the ' 

 year a Mi-work of water-course*, most of which are too shallow to be 

 navigated. One of theee lAminJ*, however, which joins the Orinoco 

 oppuaite San Kafaele del Capuchino, is navigable for vessels of more 

 than 100 ton* burden. Large river-boaU aioend the Apur<S to ita 

 y^a-w^v. with the Rio San Domingo (near 69* SO' \V. long), and 

 then the lat mentioned river to a village called Torunas, which U a 

 few mile* distant from the thriving town of Varinw, of which Toruiian 

 U considered the port, a* by mean* of this navigation the produce 

 of that part of Venezuela U sent to Angostura, and European goods 

 are received back in the same way. The Apurd enters the Orinoco 

 on the left bank, about 90 miles below the junction of the Portuguese. 

 (Humboldfs Prrtonal Karratirt ; Demons'* Voyage A la fartie 

 Oriental* dt la Ttm-Ptrme, 4-c.) 

 APURIMAC. [PERf.l 

 AQUILA. [Aniirxzo.] 



AQUILEIA, a town founded in the territory of the Veneti by a 



Roman colony in the year 181 B.C., was situated in a low and 



fertile plain, near the head of the Adriatic on the Natiso and near the 



right bank of the Sontius, now the Isonzo. It soon became a place of 



great trade, for although it was 60 stadia or about 8 miles distant 



from the Adriatic, vessels could reach it through canals which 



communicated with the riven that flow near it Its walla were 12 



mile* in extent, and the city was adorned with an amphitheatre and 



other splendid buildings. The Via ^Emilia, a continuation of the 



Flaminun road from Rome, led through Ariminum and Bononia to 



Aquileia. The city was always important in a military point of view. 



Julius (.'xsar made it the head quarters of the legions in Cisalpine 



Gaul, and several of the emperors repaired to Aquileia for the defence 



of the Italian frontier. Aquileia distinguished itself for ita fidelity to 



Borne, especially during it* protracted siege by Haximinus, which was 



terminated by. the assassination of the tyrant by his own soldiers 



under the walls of the town, A.D. 288. The town, owing to its 



situation, was exposed to the first attacks of Alaric and the other 



barbarians who successively invaded Italy from the north-east. The 



famous Attila at last stormed it after an obstinate defence of three 



months continuance, pillaged, and destroyed it by fire, after butchering 



the greater part of its inhabitants, in the year 452. Aquileia never 



recovered its importance ; it was afterwards however partially 



inhabited, and continued to be the residence of a bishop till the 6th 



century, when on the invasion of the Longobordi all the inhabitants 



took refuge on the island of Oradus at the entrance of the lagunes. 



The see of Aquileia was one of the oldest in Italy ; its first recorded 



bishop, Hermagoras, is said to have lived under the Emperor Nero. 



There is also a tradition that 8t Hark the evangelist was the first 



bishop of Aquileia, and that he wrote there his Gospel, a MS. of 



which, said to be an autograph of the saint, was transferred to Venice 



in the 14th century, and deposited in the treasure-room of the church 



of St. Mark. Towards the end of the 4th century it was made a 



metropolitan see, and the jurisdiction of its prelates extended 



ultimately over Istria, Yenetia, the country westward as far as Corno, 



and beyond the Alps to the river Save. In the 6th century the 



metropolitans of Aquileia assumed the title of patriarch, which was 



a long time after acknowledged by the Pope. The prelates became for 



several centuries almost the temporal sovereigns of the territory 



subject to this see, and under them Aquileia enjoyed a period of 



comparative prosperity. But the wars between Frederic II. and the 



popes, and the factions of the Quelphs and Ohibelins, came again to 



disturb the country ; and these, added to the growing unhealthiness 



of Aquileia, occasioned by the stagnant waters around, induced the 



patriarchs, in the 1 3th century, to remove their residence to the castle of 



Udine, round which a town then rose on the decline of that of Aquileia. 



From that time Aquileia became desolate, and by degrees dwindled 



away to a mere unhealthy village, with no public buildings remaining 



rxcept the cathedral In 1420, the Venetians conquered Friuli, and 



I Mine submitted to them. Thus ended the temporal dominion of 



the patriarchs. Their spiritual authority they retained till 1758, 



when in consequence of disputes having arisen between the Venetian 



senate and the court of Austria about the right of nomination to the 



vacant see" the patriarchate was finally abolished by the Pope, and ita 



diocese divided into two episcopal sees, Udine and Gorizia. 



AQUITfUM, a town of the Volscian* included in ancient Latium, 

 in Italy, was situated on the Via Latina about 70 miles K.S.E. from 

 Rome, 6 miles from the lea bank of the Lirix. and between 4 and 5 

 miles from the left bank of the Melpis. It is first mentioned I 



9.) when describing Hannibal s advance upon Rome by the Via 

 Latin*. In the time of Cicero, who had a villa at A>|tiinun>, it seems 

 to have been a Urge and prosperous town. It received a Roman colony 

 during the second triumvirate and became a large city (it is so called by 

 atnbo) during the empire. Juvenal, the Roman satirist, was born at 

 Aquintim. This town suffered greatly by the various invasions of 

 the barbarian, after the fall of the empire. It was almost utterly 

 destroyed during the war* of Conrad and Manfred against the Popes. 

 It retained however iu episcopal rank. Part of the site in now 

 occupied by the city of A.,*i m , a poor place of about 11 00 inhabitants. 

 The rest of the site is covered with ruin* of buildings of various age* 



and styles, among which are the remains of a theatre, an amphitheatre, 

 a triumphal arch, and a part of the ancient walls built of square stone* 

 without cement An old church, which U still called 11 Vesoovado, 

 although the see has been long since transferred to Pontooorvo, where 

 he bishop resides,) is built on the site and partly with the materials 

 jf an ancient temple; and there are besides ruins of two oil,, r 

 ancient temples. Aquino is in the Neapolitan province of Terra di 

 (PON 



AQUITA'NIA, one of the great divisions of ancient Gaul. The 

 unite of A,quitania are stated by Julius Ctesar to have been the river 

 Jarumna, the Pyrenees, and the Ocean. The Garumna divided it from 

 Celtic Gaul. The original Aquitanians are supposed to have been 

 of Iberian race, distinct from the Celts. Cassar did not go into 

 Aquitania, but his lieutenant, the younger C'rassus, made an incursion 

 into it The country however was not finally subjugated until the 

 ear 28 B.C., when Augustus sent Marcus Valerius Messala to conquer 

 t The poet Tibullus accompanied Messala iu this expedition, which 

 le has commemorated in his poems. In the division of Gaul into 

 toman provinces as settled by Augustus, the limits of Aquitania were 

 ix tended northward as far as the river Ligeris (the modern Loire), 

 and eastwards to the Mount Cebenna (the Cevennes) which formed 

 the western limit of the Narbonensis province. In the following 

 subdivisions of Gaul under the later emperors, we find the Aquitania 

 of Augustus divided into three provinces, namely, the Novempopulana, 

 which comprised the greater part of the original Aquitania, between 

 ;he Garumna, the Pyrenees, and the Ocean ; its principal towns were 

 JlimberriK, afterwards Augusta, Beneharnuni, Iluro, Aqiue Tarbellic ; 

 he Aquitania priuia bordering on the Ligeris, and whose capital was 

 A varicum, afterwards called Bituriges (now Bourges), and the Aquitania 

 secunda, situated between the other two, and whose principal city was 

 Burdegala (Bordeaux). Under the reign of Honorius, the Visigoths, 

 after ravaging Italy, passed into Gaul and took possession of 

 Aquitania; which they kept till Clovis, king of the Franks, defeated 

 them in a great battle near Poitiers A.D. 507, and killed their king, 

 Alaric II. Aquitania then became part of the monarchy of the 

 Pranks ; but under the weak successors of Clovis it was detached 

 Prom it again, and given as an appanage to Charibert, a younger son of 

 LUotorius II. We find in the beginning of the 8th century Kudos, 

 Duke of Aquitania and a descendant of Charibert, at war with Charles 

 Martel. The Saracens from Spain having invaded the country and 

 pillaged Bordeaux, Eudes was glad to make hia peace with Charles 

 ind to join him against the Mohammedans, who were utterly defeated 

 by Charles between Tours and Poitiers A.II. 732. In 768, Waifer, 

 Eudes' successor, was attacked by Pepin, who conquered the whole of 

 Aquitauia and reunited it to the French monarchy. But Aquitania 

 oad undergone another change iu ita southern limits. The Vascones, 

 a Spanish people, finding themselves hard pressed by the Visigoths, 

 crossed the Pyrenees and settled in the southern port of Aquitauia, 

 which from them took the name of Vasoonia or Gascogne, which it has 

 retained ever since, whilst the more northern parts of the same 

 province continued to be called Aquitaine, and afterwards by corruption, 

 Guienne. The Vascones were conquered by Pepin and Charlemagne, 

 but revolted again, and formed an independent state, having their 

 dukes, until the llth century, when they became united to the duchy 

 of Aquitaine, which under the successors of Charlemagne had 

 become one of the great fiefs of the French monarchy and virtually 

 independent of the crown. Eleanor, the heiress of William, last 

 count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine, married Louis VII., king of 

 France, but being repudiated by him she next married Henry, duke 

 of Normandy, afterwards Henry II. of England, who thus became 

 possessed of Guicnnc* Poitou, Gascony, Anjou, in short, of tin- \\h. ! 

 Aquitania in its most extended sense. This was the origin nf long 

 wars between the two kingdoms. At last Charles VII. conquered 

 Guienne and the other districts above-mentioned, took Bordeaux in 

 1451-2, and reunited the whole to France. The name of Gui. nn. 

 continued afterwards to boused as that of one of tin- provinces of 

 the old monarchy, though restricted to a very small portion of the 

 former Aquitania, until the first French . when the whole 



country was divided into deportments, and the old denominations 

 became obliterated. 



ARAHAT HI. MATFOON. [AuTDOs.] 



AKABGIR, a town of Asia Minor, in the poshalik of Sivas, if 

 situated on an elevated plateau between the Ool-Oagh and Sari-Chi- 

 Chak branches of the Anti-Taurus [ANATOLIA] ; at a distance of 16 

 miles N.W. from the junction of the Kara-Su and Murad-Su, on the 

 caravan route from Aleppo to Trebizond, from which places respectively 

 it \ distant .7" .'?i.l 198 miles. It is built amidst a forest of fruit- 

 trees, among which the White Mulberry is most common. The fruit 

 of the mulberry is eaten fresh, or used for making brandy, or it U 

 made into a sweetmeat colled prtma, which is common all through 

 Armenia. The soil in the neighbourhood where it is free from rocks 

 yields fine crops of wheat The climate is cold in winter, and much 

 snow falls. The town contains 4800 Turkish and 1200 Ann. man 

 families. A few years ago the Armenian population had 1000 hand- 

 looms at work, weaving cotton goods from Hritixh yarn. This industry 

 and the caravan trade rendered Arabgir a thriving place. In tin; 

 surrounding highlands, which are bare and barren, iron-ore is abund- 

 ant ; and near the spot where the above-named two rivers meet and 



