



IK 



MishrrteJ SiciUau expeditioa, RC. 415, they were found in the ranks 

 of both armies; nor do they appear to have acted as a nation till 

 they had founded, under Epaminondas, the city of Megalop..!:-. 

 W. 371, which became the metropolis of the country. From this 

 time the Arcadians appear as a confederated state with a general 

 council to manage the aflairs of the nation. All we know of this 

 general council is that it consisted of 10,000 members. The confede- 

 ration had a standing army of 5000 men. Paueaniaa, in his ' Arcadica' 

 (chap, xxxii), mentions the eouneU-chaniber (3auAvr4pioi>) of the Ten 

 Thousand. It was Epaminondas and the Boeotians who assisted the 

 Arcadian* in establishing this constitution, and in rendering them 

 independent of the power of the Spartans. But disputes soon arose 

 between Tegea and Mantinoi., the two most powerful cities of the 

 confederation, and the Utter having allied itaelf to Sparta the 

 confederation lost all real power. On the death of Alexander, B.C. 

 323, the country was ruled by a number of petty tyrant*, some of 

 whom joined the Achsnui, others the . toliau League ; but subse- 

 quently the whole of Arcadia was united to the Achaean League. 

 The Romans at last made themselves masters of their country, and 

 included it in the province of Achaia, but their days of prosperity 

 never returned. Strabo states, that in his time the country waa 

 desolate, and that Tegea was the only city of importance which it 

 contained. Pausanias, who examined Arcadia about A.I). 174, gives a 

 minute account of its ruined cities, and of the numerous antiquities 

 with which it abounded. In the modern kingdom of Greece in which 

 the ancient places have been generally revived, Arcadia forms a 

 Nomos, or department, divided into 4 Eparchies, or districts, 

 Mantineia, Cynuria, Gortyna, and Megalopolis. The population 

 according to the census of 1851 was 119,540. 



(Pausanias, book viii ; Thucydides, vii, 57; Xcnophon, UMfnica, vii.; 

 Diodorus, xv. ; Herodotus, viii. 73, 4c. ; Strabo, viii. 388 ; Pliny, iv. ; 

 Breitenbauch, Gttckicktc ran Arcaditn; Leake's Morca ; Gell's .Y.irrn- 

 fttv of a Journey in Ike Mono) 



ARCHANGEL (ArkkmgdJcot, 'the land of the Archangel' ) is the 

 most northern and the most extensive government of Russia in Europe. 

 It comprehends part of the ancient Scandinavian kingdom of Biannia 

 or Permia, Russian Lapland and Finland, the range of country inha- 

 bited by the Wainotan branch of the European Samoiedes, Nowaia- 

 Zemlya or Nova-Zembla, and other islands in the Icy Ocean. It 

 extends from 61 10' to 76 N. Ut, and from 29 64' to 66 E. long. 

 The area amounts to 328,382 square miles, equal to about four times 

 that of Great Britain ; but the population in 1846 was only 253,000. 

 The province is bounded N.E. and E. by the government of Tobolsk, 

 a and aE. by Wologda, S.W. by Olonetz, N.W. by Finland, and N. 

 by the Icy Ocean and the White Sea. 



The northern part of the mainland in this province is situated within 

 the Frigid Zone, and presents as deaoUte and sterile an aspect OB the 

 eye can dwell upon ; this is particularly the case towards the east, 

 where an immense tract of black soil, covered with moss and crusted 

 with ice for nine months in the year, is bettor known among the 

 natives by the name of the Tundri. It stretches 150 miles into the 

 country from the sea-coast ; and except its mossy coat, a little sorrel, 

 and an occasional handful of berries, exhibits few signs of vegetation. 

 South of the Tundri lie forests of pines, birches, alders, and willows. 

 The land in the north abounds in lake* and swamps, and is traversed 

 by several rivers, but is not capable of cultivation ; the westernmost 

 part of it only, formerly called Russian Lapland, produces here and 

 there a few cabbages, turnips, and other vegetables, as well as berries. 

 Kvcn that portion of the province which lies most to the south affords 

 but a scanty and precarious return to the husbandman ; though in 

 proportion as we leave tho northern regions vegetation becomes more 

 vigorous, and grass and extensive forests show themselves. The pro- 

 vince u in general a continuous flat, particularly that part of it which 

 lies to the west, between the frontiers of Finland and tho river Mexen ; 

 the only exception arises from the course of the Scandinavian range 

 of mountains through the circle of Kern and Lapland ; it is in this 

 direction that they terminate in the promontories of Orlow on the 

 White Sea, and Swiatoi Noss on the Icy Ocean. In the eastern parts 

 of the province two ridges encircle the bay of Tsheskai, tho western 

 one terminating in Cape Kanin : these are independent of the low 

 chain of hills which crosses the steppe of Tundri, and rising at a 

 distance of 70 miles from the banks of the Petshora, takes a north- 

 easterly course, and joins the Ural, from which point the Utter forms 

 the boundary between Archangel and Siberia. This portion of the 

 Ural range is called ' the desert Ural.' 



The great river of the province is the Dwina, or ' the double river.' 

 In iu upper course from Lake Kubinxkni', it bear* the name of ' Stik- 

 hona,' which it retains north-eastward as far as Ustyug-Weliki ; there 

 it receive* the name of the Jug, or Upper Dwina, and aftorw.ir ' 

 of the Dwina. It abounds with fish, and is navigable for 800 miles 

 and upward* to the frontier of the province of Wologda ; it widens to 

 a breadth of nearly five mile* at the town of Archangel, whence it flows 

 by three channel, into the White Sea, [DwiXA.1 The Sukhona com- 

 munioate. with the Neva and Volga by means of the Kubin.kol canal 

 !^ !^nJ!^ ,** * >ro The Onega, whose whole length is nearly 

 Hkewsjs a navigable stream of some consequence; It 

 the province from toe adjoining government of OloneU, and 

 nowtintoabayof ti. White Sea studded with islands. The Mm* 



ma, west of Archangel Bay, also receives the Panoi, the longed 

 <nd ; and the Mexen, a considerable stream which rises i. 

 marshes of the steppe of I'rt-hora, and flows in a north-westerly direc- 

 i '..n for nearly 500 miles. The Petahora rises in the Ural Mountains, 

 ranges over a distance of full 700 miles of dreary waste, and before it 

 creeses the boundary between the provinces of Wologda and Archangel, 

 receives the Usa and Elma. and then enters the sea between capes 

 Bolvanski and Kostianoi, where its surface is dotted with islan 

 is navigable immediately after quitting the Ural Mountains, but it is 

 locked up by ice for nine months iu the year ; iU dreary banks are 

 rarely the resort even of the hardy Samoiede. 



The province of Archangel abounds in lakes, separated by sterile 

 rocks, in almost countless numbers ; the most considerable lie in that 

 part of it which is situated immediately north and west of the Whito 

 Sea. Amongst these are the Imaudra, Kowda, Topoeero, Augoecro, 

 and Upper and Ix>wer Koutno. 



The climate of this province, particularly the northern districts, 

 partakes both of the extremes of heat and cold. The heat of the 

 summer season is often oppressive ; and the transition from heat to 

 cold, on a change of wind, U frequently so instantaneous that a man 

 who has been working in his shirt is forced to have immediate recourse 

 to his fur-cloak. But the climate becomes more intensely sev 

 proportion as we advance eastward. Kvery river between the Mezen 

 and Petshora is frozen up by the end of September or beginning of 

 October ; the Dwina, on the other hand, does not usually close until 

 a month later, and is again free from ice by the end of April or the 

 first week in May. In those parts which lie between the Petahora 

 and Siberia, no stream is open until June, and scarcely one is free 

 from ice by the middle of September. Spring, summer, and autumn 

 are thus reduced to an interval of three months. 



The northern district* of Archangel are wholly uucultivable, and its 

 soil, even in the south, does not yield grain enough for the support of 

 its scanty population. The bread in use is a compound of meal, moss, 

 scrapings of the bark of the pine, and grated roots ; yet this food, 

 coarse as it is, is unknown to more northern palates, which must be 

 content with dried fish. The southern districts grow hemp and flax, 

 a little rye, and a few kinds of vegetables ; and in some parts, on each 

 side of the Dwina more especially, there is pasture-ground of good 

 quality. But Archangel contains a still unexhausted mine of wealth 

 in its forests, which give profitable employment to the labourer, the 

 artisan, boatman, mariner, shipwright, merchant, and even the more 

 humble gleaner of the berries which grow beneath their shade. The 

 predominant species of timber are firs, pines, birches, alders, and 

 larches, which are of great dimensions and lofty growth. These 

 forests are the resort of a variety of wild animals, which the natives 

 turn to good account. In the Tundri and sea-coast are the bear, wolf, 

 reindeer, squirrel, ermine, hare, martin, glutton, fox (both the common 

 species and the beautiful polar-fox), wild duck and goose, swan, water- 

 hen, and eider -fowl. To these may be added an abundance of marine 

 animals, in pursuit of which hunting-parties resort to Nova-ZembU in 

 particular, where they build cabins with the wood they have brought 

 with them, and pass the winter, employing themselves in c;. 

 seals, sea-cows, and morse, or in hunting the polar-bear, fox, or rein- 

 deer. The seas, lakes, and rivers of Archangel furnish food to the 

 inhabitants from their ample store of whitings, pikes, eels, salmon, 

 perches, and other fish. The only domestic companion of the Lap- 

 lander and Samoiede is the reindeer; their stock of this invalit. Me 

 animal forms the criterion of wealth ; hence the individual who has 

 two thousand is accounted rich, but the man is poor who cannot muster 

 more than thirty or forty. Archangel is but slenderly supplied with 

 horses and cattle, and they are in general of diminutive .-i. 

 districts of Kholmogory and Sheukursk, however, which arc rieli in 

 pastures, have formed an exception the time 



('treat, when a handsome race of oxen, which have no way degenerated, 

 were imported from H"l!..M'l l>y that monarch: the calves of this 

 species are kept warm, and fed on milk for nine months; at this age 

 they weigh sometimes as much as 600 or SOOlbs., and are so white 

 and delicate in flesh that they are sent to .St. IVter Imrj,', where 

 they fctcl' very high prices. Neither sheep, swine, nor goats are 

 bred in any . numbers ; what little mutton is eaten is of 



iiidiHcrcnt .'.|iiality. and the lloece is fitted only for making the coarse 

 clo'.h terme I .-iintry is also so well stocked with game 



that scarcely any poultry beyond the cock and hen an' kept. With 

 regard to minerals, salt is the slap' . iuee : it is 



obtained in various quarters, particularly in the neighbourhood of 

 . and from the waters of the Koudaand Lesenga by the process 

 of )>oiling. Bog-iron is fonn ' il>lc abundance, and between 



700 and 800 Luis of it are export. -d annually. 



'I'll.. niHiiiit':ie!iiriiiK and m. i lustry of the pei>| 



ci|<ally : . ship-building, the preparation of piteh .<iel t:ir, 



"***" n C tB*t*i *d weaving of linen, whii li !: ' >]> tho 



leisure hours of the peasant's wife in the circles of Kholmogoi 



les a lucrative branch of their con 



St. Petersburg, Moscow, and m marts. There are several 



sugar-refineries and rope-manufactories in the province. From ' 

 to 600,000 deals are ..: M capital in a t- 



month. Tallow also is shipped in \ery large quantities from tho 

 White Sea ; but tho bulk of this article is brought down from the 



