ARENBERO. 



Ai:<: BUR 



of dark water. The cavern and fountain ttill exist. Within the sacred 

 iadosurv was the monument of CEdipus. 



The COOT or Coo sou or ABEIOPAOOS will be treated of in the 

 Dirinion of HinOBT, Ac. 



ARKNHKRO, ducal UU borno by a Belgian family, formerly 

 sovereigns of territory of which by the treaty of Luuerille they 

 were dsipossessed, and u a compensation received the circle of 

 Xtrrtx in Haunrer and the circle of KcCKUXUHAUSBM in the Prussian 

 prorinoe of Westphalia. 



AKKXSBKRO. [OESKL.] 



AREQUIPA, one of the largest and finest cities of Peru, second 

 only to Linus u situated in the beautiful valley of Quilca, about 35 

 milet from the coast and 170 mile* 8.E. from Lima. About 14 miles 

 ea*t of the town U the famous volcano of Arequipa, the summit of 

 which U 18,868 feet above the level of the ocean. The mountain is 

 conical in shape with a flattened top, which rues about 700 feet above 

 the snow-line in thin climate. From the deep crater of this volcano 

 u)ie and smoke are constantly emitted. The town of Arequipa wu 

 originally founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1 539, but not on it* present 

 aite ; it* inland situation having secured it from the attacks of pirates 

 who infested the coast, it has continued in a flourishing condition, 

 though repeatedly desolated by earthquakes. The houses of Arequipa 

 are built of stone, very substantial, low, and vaulted, with the view 

 of their being able to withstand the shock of earthquakes. The 

 inhabitants are estimated at 40,000. Arequipa gives title to a bishop. 

 It has a cathedral, several large convents, a college of Jesuits, and an 

 hospital for the indigent. A handsome bridge is thrown over the 

 Chile, which runs through the city, and being let off in sluices irri- 

 gates the country ; it is also conducted through the, streets by canals, 

 which contribute to cleanliness and to the health of the inhabitants. 

 An elegant bronze fountain adorns the Plaza, or great square. The 

 climate is delightful : in winter a slight frost is perceptible, and the 

 summer heats are not excessive. Gold and silver cloths, woollens, 

 and cottons are manufactured at Arequipa, which carries on a great 

 trade with Buenos Ay res, exporting brandies, wines, flour, cotton, and 

 sugar; and importing cattle, jerked Beef, tallow, cocoa, &c. The 

 great commercial road from Lima to the southern provinces and over 

 the CorJillera into Bolivia passes through the city Arequipa. 



Mollondo, a wretched place on the coast, in 17 8. Int., 71 W. long., 

 imf******; of about $0 huts built of reed-mats and covered with flat 

 cane-roofs, without windows and chimneys, was formerly the port of 

 Arequipa, but it now affords shelter to boats only 'or very small 

 veeseli in consequence of great alterations of bottom. Iilay. tin- 

 present port of Arequipa, lies west of Mollendo, in 17 8. lot., 72 10' 

 W. lung., and can accommodate about twenty sail. The town in built 

 on the west side of a hill which slopes gradually down to the 

 anchorage, and is inhabited by about 1500 persons chiefly employed 

 by the merchants of Arequipa. A British vice-consul resides in Inlay. 

 The landing is far from good. Fresh provisions may be had ; wood 

 and water are not to bo depended upon. The exports are wool, bark, 

 and specie ; the imports, British and other manufactures. 



The department of Arequipa will be noticed under PERU. 



ARETHU'SA, a celebrated fountain in the island Ortygia, one of 

 the five divisions of ancient and the site of modern Syracuse. (Mil 

 (' Metemorph.' lib. v. 672) tells how the river-god, being enamoured 

 of the nymph Arethusa, whom he saw bathing in his waters, sought 

 her lor*. She fled, and he pursued ; till being exhausted, she prayed 

 for help to her patron goddess Diana, who transformed her into a 

 fountain. But Alpheius still sought to mingle his stream with hers, 

 ad Diana was forced to open an underground passage for her favourite 

 to the island of Ortygia. The persevering river was fabled to pursue 

 the object of his lore even to this distant point, passing under the sea 

 without mingling his waters with it Diodorus says that the uy m i .hs 

 produced the fountain Arethusa to gratify Diana, after one of whose 

 names the island was called Ortygia, and to whom it was consecrated. 

 He calls it " a very large fountain," and adds that it abounded in 

 large flab, which were held sacred, and never caught ; and that if any 

 - were impious enough to eat them (as had been done in time 

 >), they incurred the anger of the deity and fell into great 



beauty and abundance of water which attracted the admiration of the 

 poets has disappeared. Swinburne speaks of the rock as riven by 

 earthauakes, and of the spring as sometimes failing in tho volcanic 

 nmWoBs which from time to time desolate that region. Wilkin.- 

 .iL^!^ 1 ! '" PPr rmn< ? * * ^Winning of this oent 



springs from the earth under a natural arch in 



_ w paces of the sea. and is only separated from it 



ij wall, through an aperture in which It is discharged into 



H is a considerable spring of brackish water, although 



* i awl is resorted to by the poor female inhabitants of 



r^ilr* 8to 'U*n manner of washinif. perform the 



i up to their knees in the stream. Over the arch is 



*!ot\* ^Vi.T^ i^S^*''!'?' h - *^* ^yT* "**"* Pretand to be a 



Ul ^l J ii M<l nm0 7 >ol -'> A rtrong spring, 

 , bubbles up under water near the place 



from the fountain run, ,(<, the sea ; and this has 



been said to come from the waters of the Alpheius. The Syraeusan 

 poets, Theocritus and Moachus, make frequent mention of 

 favourite stream. There was another Arethusa in Samoa, and 

 another in Eubosa. 



AREZZO, an episcopal town in Tuscany, built on or near the site 

 of the ancient Arrctium, in tin- Val di Chiana, in 43 27' 62" N. lat, 

 11 62' 86" E. long., at a distance of 40 miles E.S.E. from Florence, 

 has 10,600 inhabitants. Arretium was one of the wealthiest and most 

 populous among the 12 cities of ancient Etniria. It was repeatedly 

 at war with Rome, but afterwards became its ally, and supplied i, 

 and arms towards Scipio's expedition to Africa about the end 

 of the second Punic war. Its government was then partly popular 

 and similar to that of Rome, having its senate, patricians, and 

 plebeians. Arretium having joined the Hani and other Italian nations 

 in the social war against Rome was devastated by Sylla, it* inhabitants 

 were dispersed, and a Roman colony was sent into the country. It 

 is a matter of doubt whether the colony did settle at old Arretium, as 

 we find in the Roman geographers two colonies mentioned one some 

 miles to the north of it, called Arretium Julium, and another tin- 

 same distance to the south, called Arretium Fidens, both distinguished 

 from Arretium Vetus, which last was restored by the care and libe- 

 rality of Maecenas, who was said to be descended from the old kings 

 or rather nobles of that port of Etniria, The pottery of Arretium 

 was in great repute. After the fall of Rome, Arretium, or Aritium as 

 it is sometimes called, was ravaged by the Goths under Totila, but 

 was restored under Justinian. It then passed under the dominion of 

 the Lougobards, and afterwards of Charlemagne and his successors. 

 The bishops of Arez/.o were made feudal counts, and as such governed 

 the town and ita county or district in the name of the emperor and 

 king of Italy. In the llth century however Arezzo, like most Italian 

 cities, threw off its allegiance to the empire, and adopted a republican 

 form of government. It was subsequently distracted by the factions 

 of <!nel|'lis and Quibeliuee. The Guibelinea at last prevailed in tin- 

 time of Frederic II., and having at their head the bishop Qiu.-: 

 Ubertini, drove the Quelphs out of the city. They next made war 

 against Florence, and were defeated at the battle of QMnpaldtao. in 

 1289, when the bishop was killed. In the following century another 

 bishop, Ouiilo Tarlati of I'ietramala, also a Uuibeliue, became lord of 

 Arezzo. He was a warrior and a statesman. He enlarged and f. > 

 the city, mode roads, conquered several neighbouring towns, fought 

 against Florence, and maintained himself in his see although deposed 

 by the pope, from whom he took Citta di Castello and other places. 

 Under him Arezzo attained a high degree of power and splendour. 

 He died in 1327, and his monument is in the cathedral of Aram. 

 After his death there came fresh dissensions among the citizens, and 

 new wars with the Florentines, until 1384, when the city was taken 

 and plundered by Ingelram de Coucy, a fatium* ('umioHi. re of the 

 times, who sold Arezzo to the Florentines for 40,000 golden florinx. 

 After more than a century Arezzo revolted against Florence in 

 was again taken, and treated with great severity. In 1629 it opened 

 its gates to the army of < 'li:irles V., which was then besieging Florence, 

 Arezzo was obliged in 1531 to submit, as well as Florence, to the 

 Medici, and has ever since mode part of the duchy of Tuscany. But 

 its inhabitants have always retained something of tlirir former imle- 

 p. mil-lit and warlike spirit In 1 "I' 1 .' they rose against the French 

 who had occupied Tuscany ; the following year, after the battle of 

 Marengo, being attacked by a French division, they resolutely defended 

 themselves ; but the town being stormed on the 19th of October, 1800, 

 a dreadful scene of violence and slaughter ensued. 



Arezzo is situated on two hills, and in the middle of a fine plain 

 watered by the Arno and the Chiana, and surrounded by an amphi- 

 theatre of mountains. The citadel is on the Minimi! of one of the 

 hilh. It lies on the high road from Florence to Perugia and Rome, 

 ninl three miles from the left bank of the Aruo. The walls of Arezzo 

 are about three miles in circuit, and have four gates ; the streets are 

 tolerably wide and well paved. The only remains of antiquity are the 

 ruins of an amphitheatre ; but on a hill about three miles to the 

 south-east of the modern town are ancient walls of Ktnincan con- 

 struction, which probably formed part of Arretium Votus. 

 works in bronze have been discovered at Arazrx>, among w-hieh (In- 

 most valuable are the Chimiera and the statue of W ,,], are 

 preserved in the Gallery of Florence. The cathedral is a large gothic 

 l.i.il. ling, besides which there are several other remarkable churches 

 with fine paintings, and various handsome palaces belonging to the 

 ii'il.ility. Hut tho handsomest structure in Arezzo i that call. 

 Logge, by the side of the town-house on the principal square, w hi. h 

 has a mn p .1 1 ;. . nearly 400 feet long. It contains a theatre and the 

 custom-house. It was built by Vasari, who was a native of thin plaee. 

 Arezso is the birthplace nf (iiiido. the first restorer of modern ni 

 of Petrarca and Pope Juliui> III. Armso is also the chief town of tbe 

 department of Arezio, whirh ineluile* the large district called Vul .11 

 Chiana, onoe a marsh but now drained; and the t..\\n< of Cortona, 

 Montopulciann, and others. The area of the | 1 268 square 

 miles, and the population at the end of 1851 was 216,422. The soil 

 is fertile in corn, oil, wine, ami fruits. The celebrated wine called 

 Alleaticn, the finest in Tuscany, is made here. There are also manu- 

 factories of woollens and of pins. 



ARO^US or A1U1SH, MOUNT, 



