. - . 



ABOYLE. 



Though Argot remained neutral daring the earlier part of the 

 PelopoonesUn wr, her feelings were at all time* opposed to the 

 Spartans, and ahe at last took an active part with the Athenians. 

 The defeat however of the Argeians at Uontinea, B.O. 418, dissolved 

 the oofifederaoy, of which she was the head, and Argos wae compelled 

 to accept an aristocratical constitution. ( Thuoyd. v. 65-81.) In a few 

 month* however the democratical constitution was re-established, 

 and an alliance formed with Athena, But hatred of Sparta induced 

 her to assist the Thebans at the battle of Mantinea, B.O. 862. About 

 thin time party hatred raged in Argoa, and club-law (skntolisnios) 

 prevailed to such an extent that 1200 or 1500 of the oligarchical 

 party were slain for an alleged attempt to overthrow the democracy. 

 The city was soon after governed by tyrants, and there is little worthy 

 of notice in it* history except the unsuccessful attempt made by 

 Pyrrhus to take it in ac. 272. It joined the Achjean League (B.O. 229), 

 and continued to form a part of this confederacy till its final dissolu- 

 tion by the Romans. (Strabo, viii. 377.) The great deity of Argoa 

 was Hera (Juno), to whom there were two temples in the city, but 

 her chief temple was the Heneum mentioned under ARUOLIS. 

 The Argives reckoned the years from the date of the secession 

 of the priestesses, who held the office for life. Every four yean 

 there was a magnificent procession from Argun to the Heneum. 

 The most celebrated temple in the city itself was that of Apollo 

 Lynoeins, which stood near the Agora, and was said to have been 

 built by Danaus. It seems probable that a great catalogue of the 

 priestesses of the Heneum had been preserved, which may have served 

 as the basis of the work ascribed to Hellanicus on the succession of 

 the priestesses. (Herod, i. 31. ; Thucyd. ii. 2.) 



Argos is still known by its ancient name. The present town stands 

 entirely in the plain, and has about 8000 inhabitants. Part of the 

 plain around is cultivated, and where the moisture is sufficient cotton 

 and vines are grown : in the marshy parts towards the sea, some rice. 

 Besides the antiquities above mentioned there are remains of the 

 theatre (which was excavated on the southern aide of the Larisaa), 

 and an aqueduct which may be traced two miles to the north-west. 



(Leake' s Travtlt in Ike ilorta ; Mannert's Gsopraphit dti (iritektn- 

 trxuict; Pausnn. ii. 19, Ac.; Strabo, p. 368, Ac.; Mttller's JDoriani ; 

 llnre's Tour m Create; Grote's Ifulory of Grette, voL L) 



There was another Argos, out-named AmphUocliicum, situated at 

 the eastern extremity of the Ambraciot Oulf, on a little river named 

 Inanhiis, It was the capital of Amphilochio, and was said l>y it* 

 inhabitants to have been founded by a colony from the Peloponnesinn 

 Argos under Amphilocbus, son of Amphiaraus. Another tradition 

 says that the city was founded by Alcnueon, who sin-named it after 

 his brother Amphiloohus. The Amphilochituis genernlly were con- 

 sidered barbarians at the opening of the Peloponnesiau war ; but the 

 inhabitants of Argos had a short time previously become Hellenixed 

 by admitting some Ambraciots to reside in their city. The Ambraciots 

 soon drove out the original inhabitants, who joining the Acamanians 

 sought assistance from Athena. An Athenian force was accordingly 

 sent to their aid under I'hnrmio, who took Argos, sold the Ambraciots 

 as slaves, and restond the town to the Amphilochiana and Acania- 

 niana about B.& 439. Two years afterwards the Ambraciots made an 

 unsuccessful attempt to recover the town ; and again in ac. 426 they 

 took ( >l|w, a fortified hill to the north-west of the town, where they were 

 soon after joined by Euryloohus, with 8000 Spartan honlites. An A the- 

 nian force in SO ships soon after anchored near Olpiu, under the com- 

 mand of 1 V-mosthcno*, who having landed his men, and being joined by 

 an Acarnnnian force which had marched to the aid of Argos, a bnttle 

 owned, in which the Bpartans were defeated, and Ivn-ylm-lnm Hluin. 

 the battle was being fought a large reinforcement of Aiul.m- 

 dots was advancing agabwt Argos from the north. This was entirely 

 cut off by Itomostbcnes in a narrow pass (now called Makrinoro) at a 

 shi.rt distance north of Olpaj. After these victories peace was con- 

 I between the Amphilochians and the Ambraciots for 100 years. 

 After the death of Alexander the Urcat Argos fell into the hands of 

 the .CUiliatw ; and at Argos M. Kulviiu concluded the treaty between 

 Rome nni ili- .Ktnlians. The inhabitants of Argos were removed by 

 Augustus to Niropulis, which he bad built to commemorate the 

 victory of Actium, and from this time the Amphilochian Argos was 

 deserter). Thuoydides nays it stood on the sea-coast ; the site u fixed 

 by Leake at Neokhori, a modern village, a short distance inland, 

 where there are ruins of an ancient city. 



Tho Argot fthuyinim, mentiooed by Homer (' II. 1 ii. 681), wu 

 according to some the same as the Thesealian Larissa; by Leake 

 (* Northern Greece,' vol. iv.), it is said to mean Pelaagio Greece, or 

 'I 



"-T<il. I. [CWftALOHU.] 



one of a ilnolcr f small islands in a bay of the same 



"J 01 " : Cape Blanco, on the western oot 



t Africa. U on lv about 2 mile* long, and would be unworthy of 



Botoe were it n.-t for the variety of master* to whom it has been 



rabjject, and the lam of life incurred there. It was discovered in 1444, 



Iune TrMftO, and in 1461 . f or t was erected for the protrctinn 



'isting of gold and negr- -, which wcr- received 



in schange for cloths, kolven. gUWbeads. bells, 4c. The 1'nrtuguese 



r-BMtoedln quiet poawawm till 16*8, when they were driven 



toe Dutch, who established a traffic with the Moors in gum-Arabic^ 



and claim the merit of being the first to introduce that article into 

 Europe. The bay also abounded in stock -fish, which they cured with 

 salt, obtained from the opposite shore and exported to Holland. In 

 1665, the fort was destroyed by an English squadron ; but the 1 

 recapturing the island in the following year, strengthened it 

 much, entered into an alliance with tin Moorish chiefs, and by giving 

 a high price for the gums greatly injured the trade of the 1 

 Senegal Company. In consequence an expedition was sent, vl. h 

 drove the Dutch out, and the island was ceded to the French by tin- 

 treaty of Nimeguen. It appears that in 1690 the French exported 

 hence a thousand tons of gum-Arabic, with many chests of ostrich 

 and herons' feathers, and a quantity of ambergris. The Dutch 

 however still carried on their trade in spite of the French company ; 

 but in 1725 they wore finally driven away, and the gum trade gradually 

 merging into the establishments on the Senegal, Arguin has been 

 abandoned, and subsequently to the treaty of Versailles in 1763 the 

 fort* have been demolished. 



The opposite coast of the mainland is only a barren tract of sand ; 

 but the country inland is described as being fertile, yielding corn and 

 fruit in abundance. The country of the gold-mines, called DH - 

 50 leagues in the interior. The anchorage is good, and the bay 

 affords plenty of turtle and fish. 



Arguin has been supposed by Major Rennell to be the Cerne of 

 Hanno ; and Bougainville asserts that the cisterns found there are of 

 Carthaginian construction. The largest of these cisterns (evidently 

 an artificial work) is 96 feet long, 60 feet wide, and of considerable ' 

 depth : it is situated about 400 yards from the ruins of the fort. 

 There is plenty of fresh water on the island. 



An extensive and dangerous shoal called the Arguin Bank stretches 

 30 league* along the land in a south-south-east direction, from off Cape 

 Blanco to Cape Mirik ; it is composed of hard sand with broken shells; a 

 strong current sets along its edge to the southward. This was the 

 scene of the wreck of the French frigate La Medusa. Arguin is in 

 20" 24' N. lat, 10 14' W. long. 



ARCSYLE, or ARGYLL, a shire in the west of Scotland, compre- 

 hending an extensive district on the mainland, and several of the 

 Hebrides, or Western Isles. The name is said to be derived from 

 Earra (tlialdkcal, ' the West Gael's country.' It ia bounded N. by 

 Inverness-shire ; E. by Perthshire, Dumbartonshire, Loch Long, and 

 the Frith of Clyde. On other sides it is washed by the sea ; the 

 islands of Bute and Arran lie close to it on the S.E. The lint of 

 the coast is very irregular. Deep indentations of the sea penetrate 

 far inland. The principal of these, beginning from the north, are 

 Loch Moidart and Loch Shiel, which separate this county from 

 InvemuHH-sbire ; Loch Sunart ; Liunhe Loch, the extremities of 

 which ore Loch Eil and Loch Leveu ; Loch (.'rerun :-ii.i I .!, I'.tn. 

 ore inlets of Linnhe Loch, on the right as yon :,-.,-. 1'rom Linnbe 

 Loch the coast runs south by west for a distance of 80 or 90 miles 

 (broken successively by the Lochs Feochian, Melfort, Craiguish, 

 Criunn, Swin, Killisport, and West Torbet), to the Mull of Coutire. 

 From this headland the coast, after running eastward a short distance, 

 returns north by east for about 35 miles to Skipness Point, forming the 

 Ions narrow peninsula of Cantire. From Skipuess, Loch Fyne runs 

 inland first north by west, then north-vast, to Inverary. The Kyleeof 

 Bute, the Frith of Clyde, l.ooh Long, and the Garc Loch, complete 

 the circuit of the coast, the extent of which is eatimatod at more than 

 COO miles. 



Authorities differ considerably as to the dimensions of Argyllshire. 

 The following is from measurement on the nmp of the Society for the 

 on of 1'scful Knowledge : Length from the northern extremity 

 of the county in the territory of Loche.il to the Mull 

 115 miles. Length from the point of Ardnamurchan to the Mull of 

 Cantire, 101 miles. Breadth from the point of Ardnamurchan to the 

 border of Perthshire, near the source of the river i miles. 



There is a diversity of statement also as to the [superficial contents. 

 The county U estimated to contain 3189 square miles, or 2,002,560 

 English acres. In the returns for Scotland the census of 1851 does 

 not give the areas of the place* mentioned. Of the laud about 13.5 

 parts in 100 are in cultivation, or between one-seventh and one-eighth 

 ofthesurfai mty. 



The county i* divided into the districts of the peninsula of Cantire ; 

 Cowal, east of Loch Fyne ; Argyle and Lorn, between Loch l-'yno and 

 the Sound of Jura, the Atlantic, nnd l.innhe I..,, h. with some parishes 

 west of l.iiinh- I.och ; Mull, which includes several islands and a part 

 of the mainland north of the Sound of Mull; and Islay, which, 

 includes the island of that name and several other islands. 



The islands attached to Argyleshire are as follows. The length 

 and breadth are given from measurement on the Society's map ; the 

 proportion of land in cultivation is from the 'General Report of 

 Scotland.' 



Ifa* . greatest length 2 miles E. to W. ; greatest breadth 1 I miles ; 

 66 63' N. 1st, 6 17' W. long. Muck contains good pasturage and 

 excellent com load : the population in 1851 was 53. 



Canna: greatest length, 4J miles, E.N.K. to W.S.W. ; greatest 

 bn-adth, 1 mil-; land cultivated in ('anna and its d< i >andy 



Island, 45 part* in 100 ; 67 "' X. lat., r, :;n \\Moni,'. : population, 240. 



KHM : greatest length, 8 miles, N. to 8. ; the greatest breadth, 7,J 

 miles : land cultivated, 6 parts in 100. It is the most mountainous 



