ABOYI.K 



hill, it u light and gravelly. Sometimes the toil of the lower ground* 

 hat mixture of clay and sometimes of atom. The pasture grounds 

 difler much, and the diflerence is manifested by the produce ; in one 

 place there U nreot fine gran ; in another, coarse grass and rushes. 

 Mos and manhes occupy a port of the flat grounds ; and heath 

 ooren a Urge portion both of the hills and flats. The tops of the 

 riirh*-^ hills are in general quite barren. 



"The inhabitant* have usually gardens attached to their houses, but 

 the gardens are not generally well cultivated, nor is their produce 

 much varied. The ordinary food of the people is oatmeal and potatoes. 

 Of imtm-*l a considerable quantity is imported. 



Cattle constitutes one of the chief articles of export They are of 

 the West Highland breed, and are reared for the southern market, 

 . where they are preferred to almost any others. Being of small size, 

 and of hardy constitution, they can bear to be driven to distant 

 market*, which is an important consideration. Their milk ia rich, but 

 small in quantity. In Con tire the dairy is the chief object of attention ; 

 and both butter and cheese are made beyond the wants of the district. 

 Sheep occupy in many places the high grounds, where they have been 

 substituted with great advantage for black cattle. They are chiefly of 

 the Lint .n or black-faced kind, which have in a great measure driven 

 out the small white-faced breed. The horses are of various, but on 

 the whole of inferior, breeds. Since the introduction of sheep less 

 attention has been paid to the rearing of horses. Swine were formerly 

 few in number, the Highlanders having a prejudice against them ; but 

 the number is increasing. Goats are few ; so also are poultry and 

 pigeons. In the islands black cattle are reared more than sheep. From 

 IsUy horses are exported to Ireland. 



Wild animals are numerous in the rugged districts to the north-east. 

 Roes and red-deer are abundant in several parts ; also grouse, ptarmi- 

 gans, and black-cocks. The eagle occupies the bare rugged summits 

 of the rocks. Rabbits and a few hares are found in some of the islands. 



Imluttry. The manufactures of this county are unimportant. The 

 woollen manufacture was established for some time at Inverary, but it 

 has been given up. The cotton manufacture has gained little ground ; 

 it u carried on to a small extent about Campbeltown. A more 

 important branch of industry is the herring, cod, and ling fishery, 

 which at Inverary and Campbeltown employs a great many vessels, 

 and a large portion of the population, besides giving work to cururs, 

 coopers, labourers, lie. The quantity of fish on the coast and around 

 the islands is very great, and the herrings of Loch Fyno ore in high 

 repute. The salmon of Loch Awe ore remarkably good, and the 

 trout perhaps unrivalled, being of all sizes, up to 201bs. weight. The 

 quantity of kelp made on the coast and on the islands was once consi- 

 derable ; but the reduction of the duty on foreign barilla has much 

 lUiiiinixhed the demand for it. There ore numerous distilleries at 

 Campbeltown. 



Cummtiuicalionf. Large sums of public money, together with sums 

 raised by county assessments, have been applied to making roads. The 

 main road from the Lowlands enters the county by Qlencro and 

 Cairndhu, at the head of Loch Fyne; that from Perthshire by 

 Dalmally, near the north-cast end of Loch Awe, and that from the 

 north Highlands crosses Loch Levcn at Ballahulish ferry, and Loch 

 Kil at Can-on ferry. A small port of the Caledonian Canal (running 

 through the great valley of Scotland from Moray Frith to Linnhe 

 Loch), and the whole of the Crinan Canal (from Loch Crinan to Loch 

 Fyne), belong to Argyleshire; the traffic on these canals has been 

 much increased by the introduction of steam-navigation, which has 

 also given a great impulse to agriculture and industry in Argyleshirc, 

 and has brought the most distant parts of the county into communi- 

 cation with each other, and with Glasgow, to which they can now 

 aod their stock and produce, with the certainty of findingagood market. 



Totnt, Ac. Argyleshire contains few towns. INVERARY, on Loch 

 Fyne, ia the county town, and a royal burgh. CAJIPBKLTOV. 

 Cantire, is also a royal burgh. OBAW, perhaps the next place in 

 importance, is on the coast of Lorn, nearly opposite the island of 

 Keren. Duxoos, a watering-place on the Frith of Clyde, in much 

 frequented by the citizens of Glasgow. Appin is a town situated in 

 the extensive agricultural parish of the same name. The population 

 of Appin pariah, with that of the parish and inland of Lismore, with 

 which it is united for ecclesiastical and other purposes, was 4097 in 

 1861. Lnchgilphead and Tarbert, places of some importance, are 

 stations for the steamer*. 



Argyle county returns one member to the House of Commons ; and 

 the burghs of Inverary, Oban, and Campbeltown unite with Ayr and 

 Irvine (Ayrshire) to return another. The parliamentary constituency 



rthe county in 1863 was 2181 The chief landed proprietor is the 

 of Argyll, wboee domains and influence were formerly such that 

 conW bring 8000 to 4000 men into the field. The Marquis of 

 "lUoe, a branch of the Campbell family, has also property in 

 ' oonuin 8S P1> and 87 endowed clergy- 



hurch ; upward* of 26 congregations of tlie 

 ohapeb for United Presbyterians and In 1. 

 palian chapels at Campbeltown, Ballahulish, 

 . and Oban, and in the !]< of Skye. There are 

 Catholic* at Campbeltown, Drimnin near Tobermory, 



rums in 



Argyleature contain* many antiquities The ecclesiastical 



AH1A. w 



lona will be mentioned in the notice of that island. There are in 

 Oronsa the remains of a Cistercian priory, one of the finest ecclesiastical 

 remains in the Hebrides, after those of lona. Of ancient castles may 

 be mentioned Dunttaflnage, at the entrance of Loch Etive, a square 

 building in a ruinous state, with round towers at three of the corners, 

 having an old chapel of elegant workmanship near it ; Ardtoruish, 

 on the Sound of Mull ; Skipnee* in Cantire, and Kilchurn at the east 

 end of Loch Awe. There are in different place* of the coast old 

 'Duns,' or Danish forts. Stone circles more or less complete and 

 cairns are to be seen in diflurvnt parts. Of natural curiosities, 

 besides Stafla may be noticed some singular caverns in the parishes of 

 Loch-Qoil-head and Strachur, both in CowaL 



7/wfory. In the middle ages the territory of Argyle was subject 

 to powerful and independent thanes. The M'Dougals of Lorn had 

 the lordship of Argyle, with Mull and the islands north of it. Tin- 

 M'DonaMs, known by the style of ' Lords of the Isles,' or ' Earls of 

 Ross, 1 had under their sway I slay, Cantire, and the southern islands. 

 The M'Leods, M'Lachlans, and M'Callums or Malcolms, were at one 

 time powerful chins. Lorn was acquired by the Stuart family by 

 marriage, and Argyle was erected into an earldom in favour of the 

 Campbells of Loch Awe ; it now gives the title of duke to the same 

 family, with the second title, borne by the eldest son, of Marquis of 

 Lorn. In 1614 the M'Donalds rose in insurrection to oppose the 

 grant of Cantire to the Earl of Argyll and his relations, but the pow , i 

 of the Campbells prevailed. Campbell is the prevailing name over tin- 

 whole county. The Gaelic language still predominates; but in 

 Inverary, though in the Highlands, English is as much spoken as 

 Gaelic. According to the census of 1841 the number of persons in 

 the county engaged in trade, commerce, and manufacture was 6-4, 

 and in agriculture 18'6 percent, of the whole population. In 1-.". I 

 the county possessed one savings bank at Oban ; the amount owing to 

 depositors on the 20th November, 1851, was 3,6221, 0*. 6d. 



(Smith's General View of the Agriculture of Argyle, 1798 ; General 

 Report on Scotland ; Parliamentary Paperi ; Pennant's Tour in 

 Scotland, 1774 ; Voyage to the Hebridei; and Next Statistical A. 

 of Scotia ml.) 



ARGYLE, or Inverary, a subdivision of the county so called, 

 separated from Lorn on the north and west by Loch Melfort, Loch 

 Avich (united by a channel with Loch Awe), and Loch Awe, and by 

 a line drawn S.E. from Loch Awe to the eastern frontier of the county 



ARGYLE. [NEW SOUTH WALES.] 



A'RGYRO-CASTRO, a town of Albania, 46 miles N.W. from 

 Janina, in 40 7' N. lat, 20 13' E. long. The town is situated on the 

 mountain slope that bounds the valley of the Deropul, a feeder of the 

 Vojussa on the south-western side, at a place where several deep 

 ravines approach each other. Upon three of the ridges that separate 

 these ravines the greatest part of the town is placed. The central 

 ridge is surmounted by a castle built by Ali Pasha, which is of great 

 extent. Ali erected a serai, or palace, within this castle ; and there are 

 also a mosque, barracks for 5000 troops, and subterranean magazines 

 of ammunition and provisions. Water is brought to the town gene- 

 rally, and also to the castle, from a distance of 6 miles, by an aqueduct. 

 The population is not less than 12,000 ; it has been estimated by 

 Hughes at 15,000 and by Hobhouse at 20,000. 



Argyro-Castro appears to have enjoyed a considerable degree of 

 independence previous to 1811-12, when it surrendered to Ali Pasha, 

 who had inveigled away its bravest inhabitants and defeated the 

 neighbouring chiefs who opposed him at Uelvino. When he was 

 attacked by the forces of the Grand Seignior, the castle and town were 

 surrendered to the Turks by Ali's son Muktor, who deserted his 

 father in the hour of need. 



A'RIA, the name of a province of the ancient Persian empire. It 

 formed part of the country of A rianu or Iran, and bordered in the 

 north upon the Tapuri, Margiana, and Bactriana, in the east uj> 

 Paropamisndic, and in the south and west upon Drangiona, Karmania, 

 and Parthia. Its situation corresponds to that of the modern Sejestan 

 and the southern part of Khorasau. Strubo (xi 10) calls Aria and 

 Margiana the best provinces of this part of the earth. They are, he 

 says, watered by the rivers Arios and Marge* . The former of these, 

 called also Arias, Areios, or Arrianos, is described by Arrion (iv. 6) 

 as a river not less than the Peneios of Thessalio, yet losing itself in 

 the ground. The account answers to the present Heri-Kud. The 

 Margos is supposed to be the modern Murgh-ab, 



The remark of Strabo that Aria is 2000 stadia in length and 300 

 in breadth, can be understood only as applying to the principal part 

 of the province, probably the valley of the river Arius, which seems 

 to have been early celebrated for its fertility. 



I I i nlotus does not mention the country of Aria, but he enumerates 

 the Arii as constituting, together with the Parthi, the Chorasmii, and 

 the Sogdi, the sixteenth of the twenty satrapies into which Darius 

 divi.l.-d the Persian empire. (Herod, iii. 93.) The ancient name of 

 the Modi was Aril (Herod, vii. 02.) Lassen ('Indische Bil.liotli.-l,,' 

 vol. iii. p. 71) supposes the name of the Arii to be etymologicnlly 

 identical with the word A rya, by which the followers of the Brahmanic 

 :i are designated in Sanscrit. 



importance of Aria, and the advantages which its situation 

 affords to commerce, could not be attested by higher authority Hun 

 that of Alexander the Great, who here founded, or more probably 



