ARIANA. 



ARIEQE. 



repaired a town, named from him and the people in whose territory 

 it stood Alexandria Arion (Alexandria of the Arii). Pliny ('Hist. Nat.' 

 vi. 23) says that Alexandria Arion was washed by the river Arius ; 

 and if we take this Arius to be the Heri-Rud, the position of 

 Alexandria will answer that of the present Herat. Besides the 

 popular belief now prevalent in the East, which is in favour of this 

 opinion, it is also supported by Eratosthenes' statement of the distance 

 of Alexandria Aridn from Baktra = 3870 stadia, and from the Caspiae 

 Pylae = 6400 stadia (Strabo, xi. 8), which it would be impossible to 

 reconcile with the assumption that Alexandria was near the lake 

 Arius (Zerrah) as stated by Ptolemy (' Geog.' vi. 17). 



The capital of the Arii, at the time of the Macedonian conquest, 

 was Arctoana according to the Florentine manuscript of Arrian ; other 

 readings give Artacoana ; and Pliny (vi. 23, 25) Artacabane, which 

 seem to be modifications of the same name. It was most probably 

 identical with Alexandria Arion. 



ARIA'NA, the name given by ancient authors subsequent to the 

 age of Alexander the Great to the eastern portion of those countries 

 which form the high-land of Iran or Persia. It was bounded N. 

 by the Paropamisus Mountains and their western continuation as 

 far as the Caspian Pylae, 8. by the Indian Ocean, E. by the Indus, and 

 W. by Media and the mountains to the south of the Caspian. Its 

 shape is by Strabo compared to that of a parallelogram, the dimen- 

 sions of which, reckoned from the mouths of the Indus to the Paro- 

 pamisus, he estimates at 12,000 or 13,000 stadia; and in a straight 

 line from the upper Indus to the Caspiae Pylae, on the authority of 

 Erastosthenes, ?t 14,000 stadia (Strabo, i. c. 4, torn. i. p. 101, edit. 

 Tauchn.) ; the length of the southern sea-coast from the mouths of 

 the Indus to the entrance of the Persian Gulf is stated at 12,900 stadia 

 (Strabo, xv. c. 2, torn. iii. p. 305). 



Strabo observes (p. 724; t. iii p. 311) that the name Ariana is 

 sometimes used so as to extend beyond the limits above assigned to 

 it, and to comprehend part of the Persac and Medi, and towards the 

 north part of the Bactrii and Sogdiani; "for these," says he, "have 

 very nearly the same language as that spoken in Ariana." 



The countries properly belonging to Ariana are, according to 

 Strabo, in the east the Paropamisadae, the Arachoti, and Gedroseni 

 along the Indus, proceeding from north to south ; the Drangse 

 towards the west of the Arachoti and Gedroseni ; the Arii towards 

 the west of the Paropamisadae, but extending considerably to the 

 west and south, so as nearly to encompass the Drangse ; the Parthyaei 

 west of the Arii, towards the Caspiae Pylae ; and Karmania to the 

 south of the Parthysei. Ancient authors sometimes confound Ariana 

 with Aria, saying of the province what can only be understood as 

 applying to the entire country. 



The original form of the name Ariana in the Zend, or ancient Persian 

 language, is AirysSue, which is connected with the Sanscrit term Arya, 

 ' excellent, honourable." From this seems to be derived the modern 

 Persian name Iran, by which oriental writers designate the country 

 between the Tigris, the Persian Gulf, the Oxus, and the Indus. 

 Burnouf observes that the countries not belonging to Airyane are, in the 

 Zend-Avesta, called Anairyao Danhavd, that is, Non-Arian provinces : 

 a name regularly formed from Airya by means of the prefixed negative 

 a (an), which is also used in Greek and Sanscrit. An expression of 

 analogous form and import had long since been read by De Sacy in 

 one of the Greek inscriptions of Nakshi Rustam copied by Niebuhr, 

 where the Sassanide king Sapor, son of Ardeshir, is called the king of 

 the Arians and Non-Arians (APIANflN KAI ANAPIANON). 



ARIA'NO, an episcopal town in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 

 province of Principato Ultra, is situated on a very steep hill on the 

 main road from Naples to Puglia, and in the highest point of the 

 pass leading over the Apennine ridge into the plains of the latter 

 country. From Ariano the road descends rapidly, following the course 

 of the Cervaro, here a mountain stream, which flows eastward, and 

 enters the flats of Puglia a little beyond Ponte di Bovino. Ariano is 

 38 miles E. by N. from Naples, in 41 8' N. lat., 15 1' E. long., and 

 has about 12,500 inhabitants. It was built by the Greek governors of 

 Apulia under the lower empire, and was important on account of its 

 situation, which enabled it to command the pass from the eastern into 

 the western provinces. It was made a feudal county by the Normans. 

 Ruggiero I., king of Sicily and duke of Apulia, held at Ariano a 

 parliament of the barons of the kingdom in 1140, in which he fixed 

 the new coin of the realm. Ariano had a castle which was considered 

 strong in those time*, and was repeatedly taken and retaken during 

 the wars of the Norman, Suabian, Angevin, and Aragonese dynasties. 

 The fief subsequently reverted to the crown, and Ariano became a 

 royal town. It has frequently suffered from earthquakes. Besides 

 the cathedral there are twelve other churches, an ecclesiastical semi- 

 nary, an hospital, and several convents. Earthenware is manufactured, 

 and there is some trade in wine and butter. 



ARI'CA, a district in the department of Arequif.a, and the republic 

 of Peru. The valley, which extends about 18 miles from the coast 

 into the lower chain of the Andes, is irrigated by a small stream of 

 good clear water, about half a milo on each side of which the soil is 

 fertile and the aspect verdant, but beyond thi.s as far :is the eye can 

 reach is a complete desert of sand to the foot of th mountains, except 

 a small space around the town. The valley is fmnona for Guinea 

 1" l.]*r, which is principally cultivated with guano. Cotton, olives, 



and castor-oil are produced ; fruit and vegetables are plentiful, and 

 oxen and sheep may be procured ; aguardiente and a small white 

 wine are manufactured, and rock-salt is dug out of the adjacent 

 mountains. The people of the valley are subject to fever and ague ; 

 the heat is excessive by day, but the nights are very chilly. 



Close to the beach, in a small bay formed by a projecting bluff, 

 stands the town of Arica, at a distance of 650 miles S.E. from Lima, in 

 18 28' S. lat., 70 23' 45" W. long., once flourishing and populous; 

 ] it was sacked by Sir Francis Drake in 1579, and in common with other 

 places in Peru has suffered much from earthquakes. It resisted suc- 

 cessfully the attacks of the buccaneers who twice attempted to reduce 

 it. During the war of independence it suffered greatly. It was 

 proposed in the latter end of 1836 to make Arica the port of the state 

 of Bolivia. The town now consists of a few huts, the better sort built 

 of sun-dried bricks, and plastered with mud, but mostly formed of 

 canes or reeds set upright and bound together. There is a custom- 

 house, a convent of Franciscan friars, also one of the order of San 

 Juan de Dies, and a parish church dedicated to St. Mark. The town 

 is defended by two small forts of 6 guns each, and garrisoned by about 

 50 soldiers. It exports bark, cotton, and wool, and receives in return 

 foreign merchandise, chiefly British. 



The bay is small and safe, principally from the rare occurrence of 

 storms; a mole is run out into the sea, which enables boats to lie 

 quietly while loading and discharging ; it is exposed to southerly and 

 westerly winds which seldom blow strong, but in winter the north 

 winds are violent. There are no regular tides, but a rise and fall of 

 about three feet, occasioned by the winds. 



Arica is the sea-port of Tacna, distant 30 miles to the north-north- 

 east ; most of the silver from the mines of Potosi was formerly shipped 

 off hence to Lima, and much bullion is still exported. There is also 

 some trade in guano which is found on the islets along the coast. 



ARIE'GE, a department in the south of France, is bounded N. and 

 W. by the department of Haute-Garonne, E. by Aude, S.E. by 

 Pyre'ne'es-Orientales, and S. by the valley of Andorra and the Pyrenees 

 which separate it from Spain. The department lies between 42 33' 

 and 43 19 N. lat., and between 50' and 2 8' E. long. Its greatest 

 length from east to west is 66 miles, from north to south 49 miles. 

 The area of the department is 1889'6 square miles. The population 

 in 1851 was 267,435, which gives an average of 14V53 to the square 

 mile, being 33'18 below the average per square mile for all France. 



Surface. The department, which is named from its chief river the 

 Ariege, is formed out of the former county of Foix, the district of 

 Couserans, a dependency of Gascogne, and a small portion of the 

 old province of Languedoc. Two-thirds of the surface, coinciding 

 generally with the arrondissements of Foix and St.-Girons, are covered 

 with mountains which rise gradually from north to south, and reach 

 their highest elevation in the chain of the Pyrenees ; the rest of the 

 department, comprehending the arrondissement of Pamiers, is com- 

 paratively level. The principal summits of the Pyrenees in this 

 department, with their height above the level of the sea in feet, are 

 Fontargente, 9164 , "Sen-ore, 9592; Montcalm, 10,513 ; Estats, 10,611; 

 Montvalier, 9120 ; Moutoule"on, 9424 ; Mont Crabere, 8655 ; and Roc 

 Blanc, 8320. A spur from the main chain of the Pyrenees projects 

 into the centre of the department, and forms the mountain of Plat 

 de la Serre, which divides the department into two basins that of 

 the Ariege on the east, and that of the Salat on the west. The valleys 

 of the two rivers just named run north and north-west respectively, 

 but a great number of transverse valleys run into them from the east 

 and west between the offshoots of the Plat de la Serre and of the 

 highlands on the east and west of the department. Several of the 

 valleys are almost completely shut in, and communicate with each 

 other i.nd with the rest of the department only by depressions in the 

 mountains. These depressions which are called ' cols ' among the Alps 

 are named 'ports' in the Pyrenees. The principal ports across the main 

 chain of the Pyrenees in this department are the Port-de-Rat at the 

 head of the valley of the Vic-Dessos, and Puynmurin above the source 

 of the Ariege ; these are respectively 7473 and 6295 feet above the 

 sea level. 



Hydrography and Communications. The department belongs 

 entirely to the basin of the Garonne, with the exception of a very 

 small district on the south-eastern border which is drained by the 

 Aude. It is drained by the Ariege and the Salat and their numerous 

 feeders. The Ariege rises in the Pyrenees near the Spanish frontier, 

 at the foot of the peak of Framiquel. Its principal source is in a 

 tarn a few miles south of the village of Hospitalet, past which the 

 river flows due north as far as Ax, having received the waters of 

 several mountain .torrents that descend from wild gorges on the right 

 and left. From Ax, where it receives a considerable mountain stream 

 on the right, to Tarascon the river has a north-western course ; in ' 

 this interval it receives on the left bank at Les-Cabanes the Aston 

 which is the outlet of the tarn of Fontargente, and at Tarascon the 

 Vic-Dessos which runs through a rich iron district. Below Tarascon 

 the Ariege finally takes a northern direction, which it retains to its 

 junction with the Garonne on the left bank in the department of 

 Haute-Garonne, a few miles south of the city of Toulouse. Between 

 Foix and Pamiers, the principal towns passed by the Ariege in this 

 department, the river becomes available for floatage at a place called 

 Viirilhes, between which and Pamiers gold is occasionally found in its 



