ARKANSAS. 



ARLE& 



403 



Cotton and corn are the staple productions. In 1840 the cotton 

 crop yielded 6,028,642 Ibs. In the same year the corn crops yielded 

 4,846,632 bushels of maize; 105,878 bushels of wheat; 189,553 

 bushels of oats; some rye and rice are also grown. Of potatoes 

 293,608 bushels, of sugar 1542 Ibs., and of tobacco 148,439 Ibs. were 

 raised. The country is well adapted for rearing horses and cattle, 

 and greater attention is being paid to the breeding of them. In 1840 

 there were in the state 51,472 horses and mules; 188,786 neat cattle ; 

 42,151 sheep; and 393,058 swine. 



The manufactures of the state are mainly confined to articles of 

 ordinary use. There are a few cotton factories, several tanneries, 

 distilleries, soap and candle factories, numerous flour-mills, also brick- 

 works, and printing-offices. 



The mineral wealth of the territory is not yet fully known. Iron- 

 ore, gypsum, and coal are found ; salt is obtained from the salines 

 near the Washita, and in other places. 



The commerce of the state is greatly facilitated by the ready 

 means of communication afforded by the Mississippi and the Arkansas. 

 The Mississippi throughout its course along this state is navigable 

 by steam-boats; the Arkansas is navigable by steam-boat to Little- 

 liock, 300 miles from its junction with the Mississippi, and in times 

 of high-water 300 miles higher, to Fort Gibson the western limit of 

 the state. 



Divisions, Totem, <tc. The state is divided into 40 counties. None 

 of the towns are very populous, but they are of growing importance. 

 The following are the principal ; the population is that of 1840, the 

 returns for 1850 not being yet available : 



Little-Rock, the seat of Government, is situated on the right bank 

 of the Arkansas about 300 miles from its confluence with the 

 Mississippi, and 1068 miles E.S.E. from Washington, in 34 40' N. lat., 

 92 12' W. long. : population, 2500. The town, which stands on a 

 high rocky bluff, the nearest rock to the mouth of the river, was 

 founded in 1820. It a regularly laid out, and contains besides the 

 state and court houses, five churches, an academy, a United States 

 arsenal, a jail, a penitentiary, a theatre, steam, saw, and grist mills, 

 and printing-presses.- Arkansas Pott, the capital of Arkansas county, 

 is situated on the left bank of the Arkansas about 50 miles from its 

 movith, and 117 miles S.E. from Little-Rock. The town, which was 

 founded by the French in 1685, contains only about 50 or 60 houses, 

 with a court-house and jail. Batetville, the capital of Independence 

 county, on the left bank of the White River, 90 miles N.N.E. from 

 Little-Rock, contains a court-house, a United States land-office, and 

 several stores ; and is an increasing place. Columbia on the Mississippi, 

 142 miles S.E. from Little-Rock, is also a flourishing little town. 

 Fayettevillt, the capital of Washington county, stands on the White 

 River, 194 miles N.W. from Little-Rock ; population, 425 ; and contains 

 a court-house, a land-office, c. Fulton, on the left bank of Red 

 Kivc-r, 128mil'viS.\V. from Little-Rock, is a small but rapidly increasing 

 town. Helena, the capital of Philips county, on the Mississippi, 

 122 miles E. by S. from Little-Rock, population about 500, contains 

 a court-house, a jail, United States land-office, and several stores ; and 

 supports two v,ivkly newspapers. Hot .*>'/</<.'/*, the capital of Hot 

 Springs eotmty, is situated near one of the sources of the Washita, 

 53 miles W. by S. from Little-Kock. The town contains a court- 

 house, and had about loo inhabitants in 1840. But the place is a 

 good deal resorted to by invalids on account of its hot and chalybeate 

 springs. The hot springs which issue from the sides of a mountain 

 are upwards r.f 50 in number, and discharge a largo quantity of 

 water, which varies in temperature from 110 to l"ii>" Kalir. The 

 hot water is colourless and tasteless, but makes a deposit of lime, 

 silicious matter, and oxide of iron. The chalybeate springs are about 

 three mil N.K from the hot springs. Washington, the capital of 

 Hempstead county, population about 400, stands on a small branch 

 of the Red River, 111 mi Irs S.\V. from Little-Rock, and contains a 

 court-house, a jail, and a United States land-office. 



Government. The constitution waa formed by a convention of 

 delegates, which met January 1st, 1836. The legislative power is vested 

 in a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and House of Repre- 

 sentatives. The Senate consists of not less than 17 members, nor 

 more than 33 (the number in 1853 was 25) ; the House of Repre- 

 sentatives, of not less than 54 members, nor more than 100 (the 

 number in 1853 was 75). Members of the Senate are elected for 

 four years ; members of the House of Representatives for two years. 

 The General Assembly meets every two years. Every white male 

 citizen of the United States, who has been a citizen of the State of 

 Arkansas for six months, is qualified to be an elector. All elections 

 are by open voting. The governor holds office for four years, but is 

 not eligible more than eight years hi any period of twelve years. His 

 salary is 1800 dollars per annum, and the use of a house. 



Judiciary. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, a 

 circuit court, county courts, and justices of the peace. The supreme 

 court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, each of 

 whom has a salary of 1500 dollars. The judges are elected for eight 

 years by the General Assembly, by a joint vote of both Houses. The 

 supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only, except in particular 

 caws pointed out by t.lio constitution. 



Tim circuit court consists of six judges, who are elected by the 

 people for four years : each judge has his circuit, and a salary of 



OJKXJ. DIV. VOL. I. 



1250 dollars. To each circuit there is a prosecuting attorney, elected 

 by the people for the term of two years. The circuit court has 

 original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not otherwise provided for 

 by law ; of all crimes amounting to felony at the common law ; in 

 all civil cases not cognisable before justices of the peace ; and in 

 all matters of contract, where the sum in dispute is over 100 dollars. 



Justices of the peace are elected by the people, and their term of 

 office is two years. Judges of the county courts are chosen by the 

 justices of the peace. 



Slaves cannot be emancipated by the legislature without the consent 

 of their owners. In all trials they have counsel assigned by the 

 court for their defence, a fair trial by jury, srad if convicted the 

 same punishment as would have been inflicted on a white man. A 

 debtor cannot be imprisoned except where there is strong presumption 

 of fraud. Lotteries are prohibited. The legislature may establish 

 one bank with branches, and one banking establishment for tho 

 promotion of the interests of agriculture. 



Arkansas derives its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct ; 

 they spoke the Osage language. It was first explored and settled by 

 the French in 1685. In 1763, the whole of Louisiana was ceded to 

 Spain, who kept possession of it till 1800, when by a secret treaty 

 it was given back to France. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased by 

 the United States from France for 15,000,000 dollars, and it contained 

 according to the terms of the purchase not only the state so called, 

 but Arkansas, Missouri, and the north-western territory. In various 

 parts of this state are found large numbers of the barrows and other 

 monuments of unascertained antiquity, similar to those described in 

 Squier and Davis's 'Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley.' 



(Darby's View of the United States; Haskel and Smith's Gazetteer 

 of the United State* ; Nuttall's Arkansas; Featherstonhaugh's Ex cursion 

 throuyh the Slave States ; American Almanac, 1853.) 



ARKEEKO (Arkiko or Argeego), a sea-port on the western coast of 

 the Red Sea, in 15 38' N. lat., 39 37' E. long., three miles S. 

 of the small island and town of Massowah, where vessels from 

 Jidda and other parts cast anchor. The goods that are destined for 

 the Abyssinian market are then carried to Arkeeko, where the kafilas 

 or caravans assemble. From Arkeeko the kafilas journey in a 

 southward direction, passing over the Taranta Mountains, and proceed 

 to Dixan the first Abyssinian town on that side, and thence to 

 Adowa the chief mart of trade in the kingdom of Tigrt5. Arkeeko is 

 about 40 miles N. by E. of Dixan, r and about 100 miles N.N.E. of 

 Adowa, but the distance is much greater by the road or track which 

 the kafilas follow. The town, a small and miserable place, is bxiilt in a 

 sandy flat country which stretches betweeu the coast of the Red Sea 

 and the foot of the Taranta Mountains, which form the crest of the 

 eastern table-land of Abyssinia. This maritime regiou is not now 

 under the power of the Abyssinians, but is occupied by native 

 independent tribes, nomadic and predatory like those of the Arabs, 

 and often at war with their Abyssinian neighbours. They are 

 nominally Mohammedans, and speak various dialects. Mr. Salt says 

 of the people of Arkeeko : " They are much worse than their 

 neighbours of Massowa, who are themselves not so good as the worst 

 of the Arabs." (Salt's Abyssinia; Valentia's Travels.) 



ARKLOW, county of Wicklow, Ireland, a post, market, and sea- 

 port town in the parish and barony of Arklow, lies in 52 47' N. lat., 

 6 9' W. long. ; 50 miles S. by E. from Dublin, on the coast-road, 

 leading to Gorey and Wexford, which here crosses the Avoca River by 

 a bridge of 19 arches : the population in 1851 was 3,306. The 

 town is situated on the right bank of the river, about 500 yards from 

 the sea. It consists of an upper town, on the western or inland side 

 of the bridge, and of a lower town, called the Fishery, towards the 

 beach. The lower town is a very poor though populous hamlet of 

 clay cabins, irregularly grouped together, and inhabited by fishermen. 

 The upper town is well built on a gentle acclivity, and consists chiefly 

 of a main street of good houses parallel to the river, with a neat 

 church and chapel. At the upper end of the main street is the 

 barrack connected with the remains of Arklow Castle. Above the 

 town, both banks of the river are laid out in ornamental demesnes. 

 Shelton Abbey, the seat of the Earl of Wicklow, stands on the left 

 bank of the Avoca in the midst of fine park scenery. The haven 

 formed by the bar of the Avoca is only accessible to small vessels, 

 and vessels drawing more than 5 feet of water have to unload outside 

 the bar. There are eight fairs, two of which are for horses, in the 

 course of the year. Arklow was the scene of a very sanguinary 

 engagement between the King's troops and the insurgent United 

 Irishmen, on the 9th of June, 1798. 



(Musgrave's Memoirs of the Rebellion in Ireland ; Fraser's Hand 

 Boole of Ireland ; Ordnance Survey.) 



ARLANC. [POY-DE-D6ME.] 



ARLES, a city in France, capital of an arrondissement in the 

 department of Bouches-du-Rhoue ; the seat of a tribunal of commerce, 

 of a consultative chamber of manufactures, of an agricultural society, 

 a college, and school of hydrography ; is situated in 43 40' 40" N. lat., 

 4 37' 58" E. long., 64 miles N.W. from Marseille by railway, and 

 380 miles S. by E. in a straight line from Paris : population, 20,460. 

 The town is built on a shelf of limestone which slopes gently down 

 to the left bank of the Rhone a little south of the point where that 

 river divides to inclose the delta of Camargue. On the opposite bank 



2 K 



