601 



ARLON. 



ARMAGH. 



E02 



is three stories high, and gives a good idea of the edifice of which it 

 formed part. The cemetery of Eliscamps is on a hill east of the city. 

 It still contains several ancient tomba, those of the Pagans being 

 distinguished by the letters D. M. (Diis Manibus), and those of the 

 Christians by a cross. Of the several chapels which formerly stood in 

 this vast graveyard, the most remarkable is one dedicated to St. 

 Honorat, which has a crypt, and is surmounted by an elegant octagonal 

 tower. 



The see of Aries is a very ancient one, founded it is said by St. 

 Trophinms, a disciple of St. Paul. Since the 4th century the city has 

 given title to an archbishop, whose province is now united to those of 

 Aix and Embrun, and whose see comprises the department of 

 Bouches-du-Rhone, with the exception of the arrondissement of 

 Marseille. The archbishop usually resides at Aix. Twenty councils 

 have been held at different periods at Aries ; the most important of 

 these waa held A.D. 314, and condemned the Donatist heresy. 



( Diet ionnaire de la Prance,) 



ARLON (the Roman Orolaunum), the capital of Belgian Luxembourg, 

 is situated in 49 42' N. lat, 5 47' E. long. The population is about 

 5000. It stands on a hill, near the sources of the Semoy, a branch of 

 the Meuse, 14 miles N.W. from the town of Luxembourg. It has 

 some iron works, a considerable corn trade, and linen and woollen 

 manufactures. The most remarkable building in the town is the 

 former Capuchin convent, which U now converted into a school. 

 Arlon was formerly fortified ; it was frequently taken by the French 

 and Spaniards in the wars of Louis XIV. 



ARMAGH, an inland county of the province of Ulster in Ireland ; 

 bounded N. by Lough Neagh ; E. by the county of Down, from which 

 it is separated partly by the Newry River and Canal ; S. by the county 

 of Louth ; S.W. by the county of Monaghan, and N.W. by the county 

 of Tyrone, from which it is separated by the Blackwater. Armagh 

 county lies between 54 2' and 54 31 N. lat,, 6 15' and 6 45' 

 W. long. Its greatest length from north to south is 32 miles ; its 

 greatest breadth from east to west 20 miles. The total area accor- 

 ding to the Parliamentary Returns of 1851 was 328,076 acres; of 

 which 175,662 were under crop, 93,817 in grass, 4302 occupied in 

 woods or plantations, 861 fallow or unoccupied, 37,686 in water, bog, 

 or waste land, about 980 comprised in towns, and the remainder are 

 estimated for the large rivers, lakes, and tideways. The population 

 in 1841 was 232,393; in 1851 it was 196,085. The Poor-Law valua- 

 tion for 1851 was 310.06H. 



The southern extremity of the county belongs naturally to the 

 plain of Louth, through which its principal drainage is carried by the 

 river Fane. It is separated from the rest of the county by a 

 considerable group of mountains constituting the inland extremity of 

 the Carlingford range. The valley of the Newry River, terminating 

 towards the sea in the fiord-like bay of Carlingford, divides this range 

 from the parallel but loftier group of the Mourne Mountains in Down. 

 The principal elevations in Armagh are the Newry Mountains, west of 

 Newry, 1385 feet; Slieve Gullion, farther west, 1893 feet; and 

 Armagh-breague and Mullyash hills, constituting a detached group at 

 the north-west extremity of the range, 1200 and 1034 feet respectively. 

 The only places of any consequence in this district of the county are 

 Newtonhamilton, situated in the midst of the Armagh-breague 

 group, and C'rossmaglen, in the open country towards Louth. The 

 district bordering on the Newry River belongs naturally to Down. 

 AH the rest of the county constitutes portions of the basin of Lough 

 Neagh. The central area is of the peculiar undulating character which 

 prevails throughout the adjoining districts of Down on the east, and 

 Monaghan on the west. That part bordering on the lake is low and 

 boggy, especially near the embouchures (which approach one another 

 within 2 miles) of the Blackwater and Upper Bann. The latter river, 

 running in a north-westerly direction out of Down, enters this county 

 about 11 miles from the lake, and 2 miles above the town of 

 Portadown, where it is navigable for steamers. The Bann through 

 this part of its course constitutes part of the Newry Canal communi- 

 cation [NEWRY], uniting Lough Neagh with the sea at Carlingford Bay. 

 In the district cut off by the Bann on the north-east of the county 

 is situated the town of Lurgan. The Blackwater, also navigable 

 through the lower part of its course, is connected with Lough Erne 

 by the Ulster Canal. The principal part of the county being 

 intercepted between these large rivers, the other streams are 

 inconsiderable. The Gusher flowing northward near the eastern 

 margin of the county, from the heights between Newry and Newtou- 

 hamilton, by Markethill, runs through a rich country past Tanderagee 

 to the Newry Canal. The C'allan, rising in several small lakes among 

 the Armagh-breague group, and passing by the little town of Ready, 

 runs northward through the centre of the county by Armagh city, 

 and receiving a small tributary stream from the central district, turns 

 westward and enters the Blackwater at Moy. 



The geological character of the surface is much diversified; it 

 includes portions of the trap formation of Antrim, of the carboniferous 

 limestone of the central plain of Ireland ; of the grauwacke field of 

 Down, Monaghan, and Louth; and of the primitive formation of the 

 Down and Carlingford groups. Associated with the trap near the 

 outh-eastern extremity of Lough Neagh is a stratum of grcensand, 

 1. nt the other members of the series, as found underlying the trap 

 in Antrim, are absent. The valley of the Blackwater to near its 



embouchure, is occupied by a prolongation of the limestone field, 

 which extends on the east to the valley of the Callan, and embraces 

 the site of the city of Armagh. Here the limestone, possibly from 

 its vicinity to the trap, is granular, and takes a pretty good polish. 

 The rest of the county, with the exception of the primitive mountain 

 groups, is composed of grauwacke schists, and is characterised by the 

 tumulated surface peculiar to that formation. The variety of ingre- 

 dients renders the soil through the northern parts of the county warm 

 and fertile. Towards Louth and Cavan the laud is generally poor and 

 ill cultivated. The northern and central portions of the county are 

 very densely inhabited, the farms and inclosures small, and the surface 

 intersected with great numbers of cross roads. The scenery is closo 

 and pleasing. Low spherical hills tilled over the summits, hedge- 

 rows, orchards, and thickly scattered farmsteads give a peculiar air 

 of warmth and comfort to the landscape. In 1851 the number of 

 acres under crop was 175,662, of which 16,320 grew wheat, 77,347 

 oats, 3314 barley, bere, and rye, 1168 peas and beans, 31,887 potatoes, 

 7870 turnips, 1089 mangel-wurzel, carrots, parsnips, and cabbage, 

 1982 vetches and other green crops, 13,052 flax, and 21,633 acres were 

 in meadow and clover. In 1851 there were hi the county 23,587 

 holdings, and the owners of stock amounted to 23,957, by whom there 

 were held 12,504 horses, 1274 mules and asses, 59,493 cattle, 6663 

 sheep, 21,070 pigs, 11 deer, 6452 goats, and 214,930 head of poultry. 

 The system of small-farm tillage united with manufacturing industry 

 has been practised in these districts with remarkable success. The 

 weaving of linen is the staple manufacturing trade of the county ; and 

 is chiefly carried on in the neighbourhood of Lurgan and Portadown. 

 For railway communication see ARMAGH CITY. 



Armagh County is divided into eight baronies, namely : Oneil and 

 East and Oneilland West, on the north ; Orior Lower and Orior Upper, 

 on the east ; Fews Lower and Fews Upper, on the south ; Tiranny 

 on the west ; and Armagh in the centre. It contains 28 parishes and 

 parts of parishes, and is chiefly in the archdiocese of Armagh. The 

 principal towns, which will be found noticed under their respective 

 headings, are ARMAGH, LUHGAN, PORTADOWN, and NEWRY. A part of 

 Newry is in the county of Down. We give here a few particulars of 

 the remaining towns in the county, with the population of each 

 in 1851 : 



Charlemont, population 530, on the right bank of the Blackwater, 

 about 7 miles N. by W. from Armagh, is a market-town, united with 

 the town of Moy, hi Tyrone county, by a neat stone bridge over the 

 Blackwater. The Ulster Canal passes near the town. The market 

 day is Saturday : fairs are held on 12th May, 16th August, and 12th 

 November. Charlemont Castle is a place of considerable strength, 

 occupying a commanding position on an elevation near the river ; it is 

 now the head-quarters of the artillery and the ordnance depot for the 

 north of Ireland. The castle was formerly maintained for the purpose 

 of checking the power of the O'Neills. Charlemont returned two 

 members to the Irish Parliament. It gives the title of earl to the 

 Caulfield family. The earl of Charlemont is governor of the castle. 



Crottmaglen, population 561, a small market-town, situated near 

 the southern border of the county, about 8 miles W.N.W. from Dun- 

 dalk, has a weekly market and a monthly fair : the fair is held on the 

 first Friday in each month. Petty sessions are held here. Crossmagleu 

 dispensary is one of the dispensaries of the Castle Blayney Poor-Law 

 Union. A sub-inspector of police is stationed at Crossmaglen. 



Keady, population 1252, is situated at the intersection of several 

 cross-roads, on the left bank of the small river Callan, which issues 

 from Lough Clay, about 7 4 miles S. by W. from Armagh. There are 

 here a parish church, two chapels for Presbyterians, and a chapel for 

 Roman Catholics; National schools, and schools supported by the 

 Londo.i Hibernian Society, and other benevolent institutions. Petty 

 sessions are held on the second and fourth Thursday in each mouth. 

 There is a monthly fair on the second Friday in the month, and an 

 annual fair on 28th October. In the vicinity are numerous bleaching- 

 greens, with several flax spinning-mills and linen miinufactories. 

 There are also many good family mansions in the neighbourhood 

 of Keady. 



MarkethiU, population 1369, a small market and post-town, about 

 5J miles S.E. from Armagh, is pleasantly situated, and contains several 

 well-built houses. In the town are a court-house, a bridewell, and a 

 dispensary of the Armagh Poor-Law Union. With the boys' National 

 school is connected an agricultural school and a model farm, about 

 12 acres in extent. At Markethill is stationed the staff of the county 

 militia. Petty sessions are held fortnightly : quarter sessions are also 

 held ; and there are fairs on the third Friday in each month, and on 

 6th May, 22nd June, and 26th October. 



Ncwtonhamilto'n, population 1224, a small market and post-town, 

 situated amid picturesque mountain scenery, about 10 miles S. by E. 

 from Armagh, contains a market-house, recently erected, a sessions- 

 house, a police-barrack, a bridewell, and a dispensary. The parish 

 church is about 1 J miles south from the town. In the town is a 

 chapel for Presbyterians, and in the vicinity is a Roman Catholic 

 chapel. Thereare some endowed schools. Quarter sessions, fortnightly 

 petty sessions, a weekly market, and fairs on the last Saturday of every 

 month, are held in the town. 



IH.li-kiU, population 627, a small market and post-town about 

 4 miles E.N.E. from Armagh, occupies an elevated site in a district 



