ARMOUIt'A. 



A .;;... 



AUMO'RICA, ARMORIC.K (MVITATKS, the name given in the 

 time of fVsar to the maritime district* of Celtic Caul, situated between 

 the mouth of the Ligeris (Loire) and that of the Sequana (Seine) : the 

 word it derived from the Celtic ar mor, which meona ' near the sea.' 

 That tract of country was occupied by several tribes, the Veneti, 

 Osumii, Curiosolites, Rhedoneo, Caletes, Unelli, ic., who formed a 

 ort of confederacy. Their towns and fortresses were built along the 

 coast, and they had a considerable fleet, with which they carried on 

 an intercourse with the opposite coast of Britain. Being subdued by 

 the Romans after repeated struggle*, they formed part of the province 

 called Lugdunensis Secunda, which was afterwards subdivided into 

 Secunda and Tertia : the maritime district* of this province were 

 stylo) Armoricanns Tractus, and nearly corresponded in extent to the 

 French provinces of Brittanny and Normandy. MaximuH, a Roman 

 officer, having revolted with the legions of Britain against the emperor 

 Uratian, A.D. 333, paused into Gaul with two legions and a large 

 number of islanders, among whom was one Conon Meriadec, a chief- 

 tain from the south of Scotland, to whom Haximus assigned the 

 government of Armorica. This is the first recorded emigration of 

 Britons into that province, which was followed by others, as Conan, 

 having obtained the confirmation of his government from Theodosius 

 after the death of Mazimus, induced many of his countrymen to come 

 and settle under his protection. 



In the middle of the 5th century thousands of Britons, driven from 

 their native country by the incursions of the Saxons and Angles 

 crossed the channel, and sought refuge among their countrymen in 

 Armorica. That country, left unprotected by the Roman emperors 

 had erected itself into an independent state under the government o! 

 Conan's descendants, and favoured by its situation had repelled the 

 attacks of the northern tribes who devastated the rest of Gaul. The 

 hips of Armorica carried on a considerable trade in those times, and 

 the country seems to have attained a remarkable degree of prosperity 

 amidat the general desolation of the west of Europe. The Christian 

 religion was early propagated in Armorica ; bishops of Dol, Quimper, 

 and Vannes are recorded at the end of the 4th century, and the old 

 annals of the country have preserved the memory of numerous saints 

 whose Celtic names are little known to the rest of the world. 



Fresh emigrations continuing to pour in from Britain, the British 

 population seema in a great measure to have displaced, near the coast 

 at least, the original inhabitants, who withdrew to the interior dis- 

 tricts ; and from this circumstance the country began to be called 

 Bretaigne or Bretagne, and the people Bretons. The council of Tours, 

 held in 567, in one of its canons makes a distinction between the 

 Breton and the Roman inhabitants of Armorica. The successors ol 

 Conan were styled counts of Bretagne. They did homage to Clovis, 

 king of the Franks, as their sovereign ; but their vassalage must have 

 been merely nominal, as we find them acting as independent princes 

 and frequently at war with Clovis's successors, until the country was 

 finally subdued by Charlemagne. Before this event it had been called 

 Bretagne, under which name it again became a separate duchy, with 

 only a nominal dependence on the crown of France. [BKETAGNE.] 



(Oaru, Ifittoirf de Bretagne.) 



ARMOY. [AwnuM.] 



ARNAUTS, the name given by the Turks to the inhabitants of 

 Albania. [ALBANIA.] 



AKXAY-LE-DUC. [CoTE-D'On.] 



ARXHEIM, ARSHEM, or AERNEM, a fortified city on the right 

 bank of the old Rhine, now the capital of Gelderland, and formerly 

 one of the Hanse towns, is situated in 51 68' 47" N. lat, 6 54' 52' 

 E. long.. 33 miles E. by & from Utrecht, and 50 miles S.E. from 

 Amsterdam : population about 17,000. About two miles above 

 Arnheim a canal branches off from the river, and carries part of the 

 waters of the Rhine to Doesburg, where it joins the Yssel, which 

 flows into the Zuider-Zee. This junction between the Rhine and 

 Yisel was made by Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius. The 

 town stands at the foot of a small range of bills (which are not of 

 common occurenoe in Holland) called Beluwe or Veluwe, and running 

 irregularly northward towards the Zuider-Zee. A bridge of boaU 

 croeees the Rhine at Arnheim. The fortifications, which were 

 improved and enlarged by Coehorn in 1702, defend the town on the 

 land side. The ramparts are planted with elms, and form very 

 agreeable promenade*. The city Is entered by four gates. It has a 

 Reformed church with a high tower, a Roman Catholic church, a small 

 Lutheran church, a governor's residence, and a very old-fashioned 

 state-house. There is a good port at Arnheim. Woollen and cotton 

 tuft*, paper, and tobacco are the industrial product*. There is also 

 an active general and transit trade, the latter chiefly with Germany. 

 It is the market for the district of the Veluwe and part of the Betuwe, 

 or the insulated district between the Rhine, Waal, and Let [BTC WE.] 

 Cclssui, rye, oats, ftc. are brought in great quantity to Arnheim. 

 The neighbourhood of the town present* a succession of villas, parks, 

 and gardens, and can boast of beautiful trees and pure flowing streams 

 -things rare in other parU of Holland. Steamers ply daily to Cologne 

 and Rotterdam. A railroad running through Utrecht joins the town 

 to Amsterdam, the Hague, and Rotterdam ; and a prolongation of it 

 eastward is in course of construction to the frontier town of Emme- 

 rich in Kl>cnih Prussia. Arnheim is first mentioned in a charter of 

 the emperor Otho, A.D. 999. It was long the residence of the counts 



am] dukes of Gelderland, whose monuments are seen in the 

 nf St. Ku liius. The town wu taken from the Spaniards in 1585 ; in 

 li'iT- it was taken by the French, who loft it in 1074 after destroying 

 the fortifications. In 1813 the Prussians took it from the French. 



ARNO, the ancient Arniu, the prmci|>;il river of Tuscany, rise* 

 about 20 miles N.K. from Fli.rvncf, in 4:! .'.:!' N hit , 11 3' E. long., 

 I on the southern slope of Monte Falterona, which is a high western 

 1 projection from the central ridge of the Apennines. The river descend* 

 by the village of stia into the long and deep valley of Casentiuo, 

 running in a south-south-east direction between the great central ridge 

 of the Apennines and an offset which, detaching iuelf from Mont* 

 Falterona, divides the Casentino from the Hugello or valley of the 

 Sieve, and lower down from the Valdarno, forming the mountains of 

 Crocicchie, Gualdo, Consumi, Yallonibrosa, and Pratoma ;!!>. Tin- 

 Arno receives in its course numerous torrents from both ridges 

 " the cool streams flowing down the verdant slopes of Casentino' s 

 hills," which Dante mentions in the 30th canto of the ' Inferno.' 



Having passed the town of Bibbiena, the Arno has a more southern 

 course, being confined to the eastward by an ofiset from the Apennines 

 which runs southward by Chiusi and Montencuto towards Arezzo, and 



divides the waters of the Arno from those of the Upper Tiber. Issuing 



from the Lower Caaentino the Arno enters the plain of Arezzo, and 

 running in a south direction by Quanta receives the waters of the 

 northern Chiana, and then suddenly turns to the westward, entering 

 a deep mountain gorge, appropriately called L'Imbuto, or ' The Funnel.' 

 The river then traverses the small valley of Laterina, from which it 

 issues by another narrow and wild pasa called Valle <\M' Inferno, 

 which is three miles in length. The Arno next enters the beautiful 

 region called the Upper Valdarno, one of the moat delightful rural 

 spots in Tuscany, and perhaps in the whole world. It is a 

 about 14 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 miles iu breadth, bounded 

 by two ranges of hills, and sheltered on the north-east by the lufty 

 and rugged Apennines, among which the wooded summit in distin- 

 guished that overhangs the convent of Vallombrosa. The valley itself 

 is a continued succession of gardens and orchards, and the hills are 

 covered with vineyards or verdant pastures. Several neat towns and 

 villages are scattered about, besides numerous hamlets and cottages 

 on the hill slopes. Through this valley the Arno runs in a north- 

 north-west direction, its course being nearly parallel to that which it 

 followed higher up in the Casentino. At Incisa the mountains close 

 again on both aides, and the Arno runs through a deep channel exca- 

 vated iu a ridge of limestone rock, which is a continuation of the 

 mountains of Vallombrosa, and extends for to the south toward Siena. 

 The river runs here in a direction nearly due north until it panes 

 Rignano, beyond which in the mountains on the right bank a valley 

 opens, whence the Sieve, a large stream coming from the district of 

 Mugello north of Florence, flows into the Arno. Here the Anio, after 

 a circuitous course of more than 60 miles, is only 13 r 14 milex 

 direct distance from its source. It now turns westward by Varlungo 

 and enters the plain of Florence, dividing the city of Florence into 

 two unequal parts. About 10 miles below Florence, and beyond the 

 bridge and village of Signa, the Amo runs in a deep channel excavated 

 through the base of Mount Golfolina, which is said to have been cut 

 by the old Etruscans. A wider passage being thus opened for the 

 river, the plain of Florence, which was a marsh before, was drained. 

 The course of the river here diverges one or two points towards the 

 south. Ten miles farther the hills on the left bank recede, and leave 

 a plain between them and the river in which are the towns of Empoli 

 and San Miniato. Here the Arno receives the Elsa, a considerable 

 stream coming from the south, which has its source in the highlands 

 near Siena that divide the basin of the Arno from that of the Oinbrone. 

 On its right bank the Arno receives several streams which come from 

 the northern Apennines above Pistoja, and the waters from the lake or 

 marsh of Fucecchio, and from that of Bicntina. About 10 miles 

 below San Miniato the Arno, after receiving the Era, a large stream 

 from the south, enters the plain of Pisa, through which it makes 

 several considerable windings, passes through the town of Pisa, and 

 enters the sea above five mile* westward of it, 43 41' N. lat, 10 15' 

 E. long. Formerly the mouth of the Arno was some miles more to 

 the south, but it having become obstructed, partly by the Genoese 

 sinking many ships in it in their wars against Pisa, and partly by the 

 sand thrown up by the sea, a new cut was made from San Pictro in 

 Grado, about three miles below Pisa, through which the waters of the 

 Arno were made to run in 1606. The ancient port of Pisa was not 

 at the mouth of the Arno ; it was a natural bay formed by the sea to 

 the southward of the old mouth of the river, at the place where the 

 stream called Calambrone now runs into the sea, and between that 

 and Leghorn. It is now filled up, and hardly any traces remain of it ; 

 but Targioni Touetti, in his 'Relazione di Viaggi in Toscana,' gives a 

 plan of the harbour as it was from old documents and drawings. A 

 anal for barges connects Leghorn and Pisa, and runn partly through 

 the site of the former Porto. Pisano. From Pisa barges ascend the 

 Arno to Florence, but the navigation is often interrupted in summer 

 owing to the shallow-new of the water. In the time of Strabo, and 

 even as late as the 5th century of our era, the Auser (now Serchio), 

 instead of discharging iUelf into the sea as it now does, entered the 

 Arno below Pisa, and that city stood between the two rivers. How 

 and when the Serchio altered its course is not known, but in the 12th 



