LBN8B1 EM 



ABHSBERO. 



only forth* manufacture of iron ana stoel, but for forging instruments 

 of cutlery and for the constructipn of machinery. Coke too has come 

 into use in many smelting cstablwhmeuU instead of the old system of 

 melting with charcoal, which however is still the rule in the Siegen 

 district at least 



The aparry-iron ore found in the uplands north of the Sieg is of 

 rerr uperiur quality. It is a carburetted protoxide of iron, which 

 whan puddled with charcoal at once becomes steel ; the mineral U 

 therefore locally called ' steelstone.' When smelted with coke it gives 

 good white iron of a less steely nature. It is generally found accom- 

 panied with a little copper, occasionally with lead, cobalt, nickel, 

 antimony and arsenic, and with pyrites and sulphates of all descrip- 

 tions. The Muaeo mine in the Sieg district is perhaps the richest of 

 all ; it has been worked since the 1 4th century. The ore here occurs 

 in beds, and in one part it rises in a solid man nearly to the summit 

 of the hill, which ts called Stahlberg, or Steel Mountain. Contiguous 

 to the Stahlberg is a vast lead-mine, the lodes of which, varying in 

 breadth from two or three feet to several fathoms, are found under 

 reins of sparry-iron ore. The population of this Sieg district, though 

 SB stated above they have their little farms, are almost all enrolled as 

 miners or metallurgists. The ores from the mines in the back glens 

 are conveyed to the smelting furnaces by oxen, which are used here 

 and in many other parts of the province for cartage in preference to 

 horses, on account of the hilliness of the roads. The Muaen ore is 

 smelted at a government foundry on the Ferndorf, a feeder of the Sieg. 

 The lead-ore of the district is combined with antimony, which renders 

 smelting difficult. Copper, silver, lead, and nickel are found combined 

 in these mines. Crystals also of a light ruby .colour, transparent, 

 bearing a high polish, and containing 60 per cent, of silver, are occa- 

 sionally found. Siegen on the Sieg was long famous for its steel 

 manufacture. Most of the mines and metallurgical works in the 

 Siegen district are like the farming operations conducted on a small 

 scale, but it would be hard to find a population so well and so gene- 

 rally acquainted with mining and metallurgy ; in fact, almost every 

 man U a miner and furnace-owner ; and the white-dressed calf-skin 

 worn at the furnace is constantly seen on the villagers when working 

 in their meadows. There are valuable cobalt-mines in the Siegen 

 district. At the northern base of the Sauerland are numerous brine- 

 springs and extensive salt-works. Mineral baths are established in 

 this district and some other parta of the province. 



Climate. The climate is moist, and the winters are long and 

 severe. The cold is sometimes so intense as to freeze the rivers to 

 the bottom. 



Communication*. Besides its two navigable rivers the province 

 enjoys great facilities for the exportation of its mineral and industrial 

 produce by the Cologne-Minden railway which passes through Hnrnm 

 and Dortmund, and connects the great North-Herman lines with the 

 Rhine and Belgian railways. From Hamin a branch line runs east- 

 ward through Soest to Paderborn and another north to Miinster, and 

 at Dortmund is the junction of a south-eastern branch which runs 

 thrtigb Elberfeld into the Cologne-Minden line again at Diisseldorf. 

 At Olpe, on the watershed between the Ruhr and the Sieg, several 

 good common roads meet, running in various directions through the 

 mining districts, and a good road runs up the valley of the Sieg. 

 The high road from Cologne to Hanover and the Baltic run* up the 

 valley of the Lippe. Among the most important railway engineering 

 works are the long bridge and viaduct by which the Berg-Mark railway 

 is carried over the Ruhr at Herdeke, a little south of Dortmund. 



Tom*. Arntbtrg, the capital of the province, is situated on a hill 

 almost surrounded by the Ruhr, in about 51 22' N. Int., 8 6' K. long., 

 22 miles 8.8. E. from Hamm. It commands an extensive prospect of 

 the mountainous scenery round it, in which the ruins of the ancient 

 castle where the Westphallan barons forming the Holy Vehm used to 

 meet in secret tribunal are a striking feature. Amnberg is ] 

 with water by means of a hydraulic engine which forces it up from 

 the river. It was in former times associated with the Hanseutic 

 League. Its chief manufactures are potashes, spirits, beer, linen, and 

 broadcloth. The principal buildings in the town are the government 

 offices, two < I'irehes, a Protestant seminary for teachers, a 



Catholic gymnasium, and an agricultural school. The town is the 

 seat of the superior court of justice for the province : population, 4500. 

 Attena, 21 miles W. by 8. from Arnsberz, on the Lrnne ami the 

 Kette, a small feeder of the former, has been long famous for it- 

 manufactures of raw and refined steel, iron-wire, sewing and knitting 

 needles, thimbles, and various small metallic wires. The rivers are 

 lined with a great number of factories. The old castle is now con- 

 verted Into a poor-house. One of its towers belonged to a still older 

 structure, and dates from the year 1260 : population, 4000. 



Sofhum, situated on the coalfield of the Lower Ruhr, hi a fertile 

 district 40 miles W. by V. from Arnsberg, has a population of 4800, 

 who manufacture east-steel, woollen cloth, and hardware. 



SriloK, 21 miles E. from Arnsberg, is a very ancient place. Th 

 parish church la said to date from A.D. 778. and to hare been founded 

 TiarUmagne. \.\arn i manufactured here, but the chief sources 

 of employment are th* lead, copper, rinc, and iron mines of the 

 nsWbboarhood : population, 8500. 



Dortmtatd, 80 mile* W. by 5. from Arnsberg and 78 miles by railway 

 1C.E. from Cologne, is situated on the Emsche and on the Cologne- 



Minden railroad, which is here joined by another line from Diisseldorf 

 through Elberfeld. The town, which was formerly connected with 

 the Hanseatic League, is of considerable size, slightly fortified and not 

 very well built. It has a gymnasium, a school of midwifery, flour and 

 oil-mills worked by steam, and manufactures of linen, woollen, and 

 cotton stufis, tobacco, beer, gin, nails, and cutlery. Dortmund is the 

 seat of a mining board and of several government offices. It has an 

 imjwrtaut corn-market : population, 8000. 



l/":/n>, 11 miles 8. from Dortmuud by the Elberfeld railway, is 

 situated in the fork between the Empe and the Volme at a short 

 distance from the left bank of the Ruhr. It is a thriving place with 

 a manufacturing population of 4500. The vales of the Em pa and 

 Volme are swarming with inhabitants chiefly engaged iti the iron 

 manufacture : along the rivers are a great number of small factories. 

 The industrial products of Hageii are iron and steel wares, 1. 

 and broadcloth. A few miles 8. from Hagen is ScHterlm, another 

 brisk little town on the same railway with about 4000 inhabitants 

 engaged in similar manufactures. There are also extensive blenching- 

 grounds here. The road from Hagen to Schwelm is called the 

 EmperstrasM, or Street along the Empe ; it leads to the valley of the 

 W upper in the province of Diisaeldorf, and is lined almost all the way 

 between the two towns with small metallurgical factories driven by 

 the Empe and turning out a vast quantity of iron and steel r 

 such as scythes, straw-cutting knives, files, saws, spades, frying-pans, 

 knives, anvils, Ac. 



Hamm, a walled town at the junction of the Ahsc with the Lippe 

 at the intersection of the Cologne-Minden railway with the lines to 

 Miinster and Paderborn, is 90 miles by railway N.N.E. from Cologne 

 and 800 miles W.8.W. from Berlin. The ditches that forn 

 cled the town have been filled up and converted into public walks. 

 The town was formerly connected with the Hanseatic League. It has 

 a famous gymnasium. Some linen, leather, and woollen cloth are 

 manufactured. There are several bleach works here and a considerable 

 trade in hams. At some distance from the western wall the town ii 

 further defended by a fort called Fort Ferdinand. 



Istrlohn, also a walled town situated near the Baar, a small feeder 

 of the Ruhr, 18 miles W. from Arnaberg, has 11,000 inhabitant*, 

 including a suburb without the walls. This is perhaps the busiest 

 manufacturing hive in the province. The country about it is >tmMeiI 

 with iron forges, paper-mills, bleach-works, and factories. The imlti - 

 trial products of the town are cutlery, zinc and brasn ware, pin 

 needles, iron wire, steam machinery, leather, silk, calicoes, and bron.l- 

 cloth. There is a considerable export trade. The town has a I.ntin 

 school of the first class. In the neighbourhood there is son 

 turesque scenery, comprising rockn, glens, and old castles. A few 

 miles from Iserlohn are the famous r (Sea of Rocks) ami a 



cavern, in which vast numbers of fossil bones have been fouml. 



Lipptladt, a small regularly built fortified town, part of whir li 

 belongs to the Princes of Lippe-Detmold, is situated cm the left lunik 

 of the Lippe, 22 miles by railway E. from Hamm. Leather, tiles, 

 bricks, and spirits are manufactured. There is a royal Rait magazine 

 in the town, which trades also in corn, fat cattle, and butter : 

 population, 4400. 



n/l,r, a small but rising place of about 2000 inhabitants, with Iron 

 and steel forges and copper foundries, is situated about 30 miles 8. from 

 Iserlohn, on the right liank of the Bigge, a feeder of the Lenn.-. 



Sitgen, 40 miles S. from Arnsberg, situated on a steep hill on the 

 left bank of the Sieg, is a very old looking place, consisting of steep 

 narrow ill-paved and dirty street*. The houses, which are small, have 

 their gables turned towards the streets, and seem in danger of being 

 crushed between two large castles which, crowned with fantastic 

 towers, rise on opposite sides of the town. The pro< . 

 making, which was introduced here from Italy in the enrly part of 

 the 16th century, was long kept a secret among the metal workers of 

 the town, who also enjoyed a monopo! n thi- 



district The steel of Siegcn accordingly was famnu* all over I 

 The town is the seat of a mining Vc em a highly valuable 



geological and tnineralogical cabinet enriched by r< from 



all parts of the world to which Riegon minrr- ' The 



mining 1mrd in located in one of the en-' mentioned, which 



was formerly the residence of the Catholic branch of the House of 

 Nassau-Siegen : in a huge round tower adjoining it is tin- n 

 department containing plan* of all the mines in the district. Tin? 

 other castle, xiten. hill above the town, v, 



f the I 



are now laid out as plen 



valuable library aivl s Ishorntorv in which minerals are ai 



klherea t.. th,- miners. Siegen is a pi 



ing the residence of numerous 

 nd forests in this district. The iron- 



minnt, nm'lting-fnrnar. jbboiirbood arc almost 



are al?o worked. Some linen, cotton and 



woollen stuffs, and soap are manufactured in the town ; but iron nnd 

 ri- the staples. Thr spirit of the old monopoly hov 

 vers over the place has driven away a consiil 'ion of 



the trade lo Olpe and other places where steam machinery and modern 

 and improved methods of smelting on a large scale have been adopted : 

 population, 5800. 



