ARTA. 



ARUNDEL. 



Sea which anciently separated Epiru* and Acarnania, and now form* 

 part of the boundary between Turkey and Greece. It i* 25 miles 

 long and 10 mile* wide, and lie* between 88* 6V and 39' 8' N. lot, 

 *r3' and 21' 10' E. long. 



Across the entrance, which i* described in the article AerifM, there 

 U a bar composed of soft sand and sea-weed, over which the greatest 

 depth of water i* 16 feet, and the channel is somewhat intricate. 

 Having passed this the gulf is navigable for vessel* of the largest size, 

 and i* perfectly free from danger, except off the low shores, where flats 

 extend in some place* nearly a mile ; but these may be distinguished 

 by th* light colour of the water, the banks being of white sand, while 

 in the rest of the gulf the bottom i* of black mud. The deepest water 

 is 30 fathoms, which is toward the head of the gulf. The narrowest 

 part of the entrance is only 700 yards, and half a mile is ite general 

 width in the direction of north-east ; it then turn* sharply round a 

 low point to the couth-east, and open* out much wider for about four 

 mile*, the western shore being low and the eastern high. A second 

 entrance is then formed by the two high capes of La Scan and 

 Madonna to the large baain of the gulf, the northern shore of which 

 consist* of low candy ribands, separating huge lakes and marshes from 

 th* gulf. At the distance of eight or nine miles to the northward of 

 the gulf, a sharp and uneven range of hills run* about east and west ; 

 the westernmost part of which, overlooking the Ionian Sea, called 

 Mount Zalunga, U about 1600 feet in height, and continue* ite undu- 

 lating descent to the ruin* of Nicopolis, three mile* north of Prevesa. 

 After a considerable depression, the eastern part of the range rises 

 again to a remarkable three-peaked mountain, called 'from it* colour 

 Mavro Vouno (Black Mountain), which has about the same elevation 

 a* Zaluaga, but its side* are rugged and precipitous. Between its ban 

 and th* lake* before mentioned lie the plain* of Art*, rich and fertile ; 

 but from the thinnnn* of population and want of commerce they are 

 little cultivated, and principally devoted to pasture. Farther to the 

 north-east an range* of hill* connected with the chain of Pindus. To 

 the eastward, and directly on the coast of the gulf, rises the Makro- 

 noro ridge, about 260 feet in height, along which runs the road from 

 Albania into Greece : this road i* capable of being strongly defended, 

 and particularly at the head of Karavasara Bay, where the hills 

 scarcely admit a passage between their bases and the gulf. The 

 southern shore i* generally rocky except at the bottom of the bays 

 formed by its irregular line ; the hill* are round-topped, insulated, 

 and barren, composed principally of limestone and schist, with occa- 

 sional broad veins of quartz ; they descend steeply to the shore. One 

 of these, to the eastward of Vonitza, called Amuthero, rise* to the 

 height of 1500 feet. The western shore, from Cape La Scara north- 

 ward toward* Lake Masoma, is fint rocky and iteep ; th. 

 grassy clifl's, with a narrow shingly beach at the foot ; and lastly, the 

 bill* dope gradually down to a low shore. 



The only town* on th* chore* of th* gulf ** ARTA, from which 

 th* gulf derive* ite name; Pi-even, on the northern side of the 

 entrance ; and Vonitcs, at the bottom of a bay of the same name on 

 the southern shore. At Salahora, which i* the port of Art*, there is 

 a caetum -house. The ruin* of Argo* Amphilocbicum are visible near 

 the head of Karavasara Bay. There are a custom-house and a few hut* 

 ear the ruin* known by the name of Karavasara. 



Two rivers, the I.uro (ancient Chandra) and the Arta (ancient 

 Arachthus), flow into the gulf on ite northern shore* ; both are navi- 

 fahis for boat* seven or eight miles from their mouths. A small 

 stream also flow* through the town of VoniUa, affording an abundant 

 apply of excellent water. The gulf abound* in fish of the finest 

 quality, particularly of th* mullet kind ; there are also soles, eels, and 

 sardine*, and very larg* prawn. Small vein* of coal have beep dis- 

 oovsred on the western side of the gulf, and the rock* bear strong 

 fadssBtioB of the pnesnoe of copper. 



There i* a rise and fall of aboxit two feet; but this, with th, 

 velocity sad direction of the current, are much influenced by tl, 

 o that it cannot be considered a* a regular tide. Thia remark indeed 

 applies to th* entrance of the gulf more immediately ; with the sea- 

 breese which blow* from the westward the current sets to the east- 

 ward into the gulf, and in the night, when the wind fails, the water 

 nturo.ontoftL.rulf. 



AUTA, the ancient Anbracia, a town of Albania, is situated on the 

 loft bank o/ the river Arta (the ancient Arachthui), In 39 8' N. lat, 

 20* 50' E. long., distant 7 miles from the north nhore of the <!,,!f ,,f 

 Arts, mile* K.E. by N. from Salahora, and M mile* S.S.E. from 

 Yanina. It i* governed by a bey under the paiha of Yanina, and 

 prior to the struggle for Grecian freedom was a very large an. 

 LMU city, bat having been stormed in 1828 by the Greek* under Marco 

 it wo* reduced to ruinous state. In 1830 Lieut 

 1 the population st 7000. 



Hellenic remain* of cooeUersMe extent may still be seen forming 

 tiM base of the present wall* of the caitie, which is situated dose to 

 the river in the northern quarter of the town. There are also remain* 

 ofthe lower empire in the convent built by the empress Theodona 

 bout the year M6 of the Christian era, and another convent or 

 cathedral of the earoe ntyle but of more recent date. Arta i* a bishop's 

 e*e and ha. everal Greek churches. In the quarter more partieu- 

 Urly *et apart for trod., each art ha* it* separate street or War; 

 rttels* of dree, manufactured her* are held fa high estimation. The 



fioooatas, or shaggy capotes of Art a, are considered the fineit ; wool- 

 len*, coarse cotton*, and an inferior though strong description of 

 Russia leather an also manufactured, and this town derive" lome 

 commercial benefit as the entrepot between Yanina and the gull 

 Htttcliers kill and vend their meat outside the town ; the market i* 

 abundantly supplied with fruit and vegetable* from the neighbouring 

 country, which i* fertile and well cultivated, and the plain* abound in 

 cattle and sheep. There U a bridge of Venetian construction over t h, 

 river Art* at the town. It* whole length i* about 200 yards, and the 

 height of the centra angle about 100 feet above the river, which i* 

 here divided into numerous stream* by Band-bank*. 





Bridge at Art*. 



ARTHUR'S SEAT. [EDINBURGH.] 



ARTOIS, a foniier province of France, now comprehended ill the 

 department of Pas-de-Calais, was bounded N.E. by French Flanders, 

 K. I'V llainaut, and on all other sides by Picardie. Its greatest length 

 from north-west to south-east was 70 miles, and its greatest breadth 

 at right angles to the length wa* 35 mile*. 



Artois is a tolerably level but not a low country, lying on each slope 

 of the watershed between the basin* of the English Channel and the 

 Schelde. On the east slope the Aa, and the Searpe and Senate (two 

 tributaries of the Schelde), flow to the north-east ; and on the other 

 side the Canche and Authie flow parallel to each other into the English 

 Channel. The soil is admirably adapted for grain, hope, pul 

 some common kinds of fruit. There is but little forest land. Some 

 coal- and iron-mines are worked. 



The capital was ARRAS. Among the other town* were St. -Outer, 

 Bethune, Aire, St-Pol, Lens, Hcsdin, and Bapaume. Further details 

 are given under PAS-DE-CALAIS. 



Artoi* (in Latin Artesia) take* it* name from the Gallic people who 

 formerly inli .il.it. -d it the Atrebates. In the 5th century it wa* 

 invaded by the Vandals, and after them by the Franks, who ruled 

 'ill A.D. 863. In the year just named Charles the Bald gave it 

 as a dowry with his daughter Judith to Baldwin, first Count of Flan- 

 ders. It reverted to the crown on the marriage of Philipjie Augusts 

 with Isabella of Hainan! in 1160. In 12S6 it was made a county by 

 is in favour of his brother Robert. After coming to the House 

 of Burgundy, and forming part of the dominions of those powerful 

 princes, it was neizcd by Louis XI. of France, on the death of Charles 

 the Raxh in 1 477. OhsjMI VIII., son of Louis, ceded it to the emperor 

 linn, reserving however the feudal sovereignty. The county of 

 Artois subsequently passed with the Spanish branch of the House of 

 Austria t" S|Kiin. I.iniis XIII. niiidr hints. If maxicr of it. in 1640, imd 

 liy tli. -he Pyrenees in 1659, the possession of the . 



was confirmed to France. After its re-union to the crown, Artoi* 

 formed tin- nominal appanage of the second brothers of the reigning 

 kings of France. Previous to his accession to the throne, Charles X. 

 was Count d' Artoi*. 



The art of boring to great depths in order to bring subterranean 

 water* to the surface has been practised f.>r i-.-nluriiv in Artois, and 

 )ls thus formed are designated A rtetian xM, from Artonirn. the 

 1 1 adjective form of Artoi*. 



Previous to the first French revoliiti.ni, Artois had its council for 

 the management of civil affairs, consisting of representatives from the 

 clergy, the nobility, and the commons. This council regulated the 

 of taxes which were imposed by the king, and granted exemp- 

 tions in case* where the pressure was very heavy. 



ARDNDEL, Sussex, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary 



borough, and the scat of a ' rp<iratiiiii, in the 



parish and rape of Anindcl, stands on a declivity on the right bank of 



i nn, in 50 .11' N. lat, 0' 83' W. long., 10 miles E. from 



."> miles S.S.W. from London by road, and 70 miles by 



and South Coast railway: the ji.ipuUti.m in 1S51 was 



2748. 1 -d by four nMirmcn and twelve conin-il- 



iid return* one member to tin- I* 



Parliament. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese 

 of Om-hrsti-r. Armidi-l I'M-. r I. nxv Incorporation, which U the parish 

 I- 1, and is coincident with the borough, comprises an area of 

 1968 acres. 



Anindel is a neat and clean town, and from it* situation on the slope 



of a hill which i* crowned with the extensive range of the castle, hit* 



picturesque appearance. The houses are tolerably v..l! built, 



and the street* arc paved. The trade of the place i* not very great, 



