ma ATTICA. 



Bril-eMu* or Bril-ettus, Oarg-ettus, Faroes (compare Parn-Msus), 

 Braur-on, Marathon, Sun-ium, Ac. 



Another proof of the remote antiquity of settlement* in Attica is 

 found in the numerous political divisions of which traces remained in 

 the historical period. The oldest political division of Attica known 

 by tradition was that by Cecrops into twelve parts (Strabo, ix. p. 397) ; 

 the names of these ware Cecropia, Tetrapolia, Epacria, Dcoeleia, 

 gVfT^. Aphidna, Thoricus, Brauron, Cytherua, Spnettus, Cephisia, 

 and Phalerus. These names with a few exceptions belong to that 

 cU*s of words which the Greek language cannot explain. The name* 

 Cecropia, Deceleia, Eleusu, and several others included in the twelve 

 were preserved in the historical period of Attica. Another division 

 into four parts among the four sons of Pandion (Strabo, p. 392) has a 

 distinct reference to the physical divisions of the Attic peninsula, 

 including in this term Megaris, which as we have remarked was the 

 only portion which afterwards fell into the hands of the Dorians. 

 That there is an historical fact contained in the division of the penin- 

 sula among the four sons of Pandion appears from there being three 

 great natural divisions of Attica after the separation of Megaris, which 

 three divisions formed the groundwork of the three political parties 

 in the time of Pisistratus. (Herod, i. 59.) These parties as Plutarch 

 remarks (' Solon,' 13) were in number just as many as the natural 

 divisions of the country : they were the Diacrii, or Hyperacrii, the 

 inhabitants of the mountainous north-east region and the range of 

 Faroes ; the men of the Plain (under which name the plain of Athena 

 and probably the Eleusinian also are included) ; and the Parali, or 

 inhabitant* of the Paralia, a term which we have already explained. 



A division into four tribes (fuAol) and also a diyinion into four 

 carte* is attributed to Ion. The division of the four Ionian tribes 

 remained a* we have observed under ATHENS to the time of Cleis- 

 thqn**, who increased them to ton ; and the four castes or classes of 

 Ion were represented in number though perhaps in no other respect 

 by the four rlssso* into which Solon distributed the Athenian citizens 

 according to their property. Besides the twelve political divisions of 

 Cecrops we find another division of four Cecropia, Autochthon, 

 Act*?*, Paralia : the first two are mythical, and the last two clearly 

 are significant local names. The name Cecropia assigned to one of 

 the four divisions and also to one of the twelve divisions of Cecrops 

 existed in the time of Thucydides, and appears to have been applied 

 to a district (as Colonel Leake conjectures) lying in the lower but 

 hilly tract which connects .iEgaleos with Parnes (Thucyd. ii 19): 

 Cecropis was also the name of one of the ten tribes. Four other 

 divisions are also mentioned under the names of Cranais, Atthis, 

 Meaogaia, and Diacris, of which the last two are local denominations. 

 The four divisions are again mentioned under the names of Diae, 

 Athenais, Poseidoniaa, and Hephiestias, referring to the names of four 

 divinities, including those of Athene and Poseidon, the national gods 

 of the old settlers and the Ionian* respectively. 



The tribe* (fA*l) established by Cleisthenes were Hlpjiothoontis, 

 Antiochis, Ceoropis, Erechtheis, Pandionis, Leontis, .(Kgets, Acamantis, 

 Eneis, JEMata. The ten tribes appear to have been subdivided into 

 174 demi, or townships (though the names are not known of more 

 than 160), each larger demos containing a town or small village, 

 while the smaller ones had only a temple or house of assembly in 

 which the scattered population might meet Though the tribes 

 (fA*l) were local division*, and though neighbouring demi were 

 Kent-rally classed under the same tribe, there are numerous examples 

 I'iguons demi assigned to different tribes ; just as we sometimes 

 observe in England a detached part of one county completely 

 imbedded in a different county. Grot* (' Hist of Greece ' iv. p. 177) 

 suppoet* that this arrangement was made in order to obviate the 

 local predominance of the city, and the formation of a city-interest 

 distinct from that of the country. The most populous of the Attic 

 demi wa* Achanuc. (Thucyd. ii. 19.) Under Macedonian influence 

 two tribes were added, Autigonis and Detnetrias; but these were 

 afterward* changed to Ptolemaia and A Italia. A new tribe was added 

 in honour of Hadrian. 



As to the ancient population of Attica, it in difficult to come to any 

 satisfactory conclusion. Mr. Clinton considers that about B.C. 817 it 

 may have been 687,660, of whom about 127,000 were free and 400,000 

 xlave*. This i* a Urge population for such a territory (being above 

 700 to a square mile), even if we take into account that it contained 

 a populous city. The number* however with the exception of the 

 Metojci, or resident aliens (who are probaWy exaggerated In Mr. 

 Clinton's calculation), are fairly deduced from the census at DemetHu* 

 the Pbalerean, a* It is reported in Athenaras (p. 878). The reader 

 referred to Mr. Clinton's essay for the various argument*. (Appendix 

 to the first volume of the ' Fasti Hellenici.') 



Attica is one of the Eparchies of the actual kingdom of Greece ; It 

 nnnUlin one cHy, Athens, and 118 villages. The eparchy is included 

 hi * Memo* of Attica and Bootia, of which the population in 1861 

 WeM 8 t ,6 U2. 



<K..r f,,ll*r information on the demi of Attica see especially Colonel 

 Leak* I>rm, nf Attica, 2nd. ed. 1841 ; ROM'S Dit Demen ton 



Ml; and tne article -Attica' in Smith's Dictionary of Creel and 

 Utofrmptf. The reader may also commit Kruse's HtUat, but 

 ration, and not without the assistance of Leake and Sauppe's 

 O. Amii Urkm* Atkmarmn. Be. also for the topography of AM* 



AUBE. 



generally Wordsworth's A them and Attica, and Pictorial Great; 

 Jrotefend's Dt Demit tin Pagit A Mica ; K. O. Muller's art 'Attika ' 

 in Ersch and Gruber's Bncyelopadie, vol. vi. (translated by Lockhart, 

 1842) ; the Trantactioru of the Royal Soc. of Literature, and the 

 Vtueum of Ctauical Antiquity ; and the travels of Oell, Leake, Mure, 

 Dodwell, Fiedler, and Brbnsted; Thiersch's tie I Mat actuel de la tiriet, 

 Leipzig, 1833; the Unedittd Antiauitici of Attica ; and Hermann'* 

 Lehrbwh, Ac.) 



ATTLEBURGH, Norfolk, amarket-town in the parish of Attleburgh 

 and hundred of Shrophain, is situated in 68 SI' N. lat, 1 1' E. long., 

 144 miles S.W. from Norwich, 94 miles N.E. from London by road, 

 and 110 miles by the Eastern Counties railway : the population of 

 the pariah in 1861 was 2324. The living is a rectory in the arch- 

 deaconry of Norfolk and diocese of Norwich. 



Attleburgh is now a small and unimportant place, but it appears to 

 lave been of some consequence in former times, though it* origin and 

 early history are involved in considerable obscurity. The church, a 

 cruciform structure of great beauty and interest, is chiefly of the 

 beginning of the 16th century; the tower is of older date. The 

 church has been lately repaired and partially restored. It was formerly 

 collegiate. The college of the Holy Cross, founded by Sir Robert de 

 Mortimer, in the time of Richard II., consisted of a master, warden, 

 and four secular priests. There are place* of worship in the town for 

 Methodist*, Baptists, and Quakers, also National schools, and two or 

 three parochial charities. The market is on Thursday ; there are 

 Tour fairs in the year. A county court is held in the town. 



(Blomefield's KorfoOe ; General Ilittory of Norfolk; Barrett's 

 Memorial of Attleburgh Church.) 



ATTOCK, a city and fortress on the left bank nf tho Sinde or Indus, 

 within the Panjab, in 33 66' N. lat, and 72 20' E. long. It i* 

 generally admitted that Alexander must have crossed the Indus on 

 iis invasion of India, in the spring of B.C. 826, at or near Attock. It 

 is also believed that Timur, when he invaded India in 1398, crossed 

 the Indus at the same place ; which was also the route of Nadir Shah 

 in 1738. 



The Indus as it flows in front of Attock is nearly 800 feet broad, 

 and of considerable depth ; but it runs with so rapid a current that 

 no accurate soundings can be taken. The banks which are of a black 

 stone have acquired smoothness from the force of the stream and the 

 constant friction of tho particles of sand which it carries down, so 

 that they shine like polished marble. Notwithstanding the rapidity 

 of the stream, it is easily crossed in boats and on the inflated hides of 

 oxen. The late Runjeet Singh kept a bridge of thirty-seven boat* 

 at Attock, for the purpose of transporting his army across the 

 river. 



The fortress wa* formerly the residence of the Afghan government, 

 and was then a place of considerable importance; but since 1818, 

 when it came into the possession of the Raja of Lahore, it has been 

 fast falling to decay. It is built in the form of a parallelogram, and 

 stands on a low hill on the left bank of the river, to which it offer* a 

 front of 1200 feet; tho walls which recede from the river are of 



uble that length ; they are built of polished stone, and make a 

 handsome appearance. The place has the disadvantage in a military 

 point of view of being commanded by a hill at tho back ; there is also 

 a fort which was built by Nadir Shah, on the opposite bank of the 

 river. The Anglo-Indian armies frequently crossed the Indus at 

 Attock in the last campaign with the Afghans ; and a severe 

 action was fought in 1848 near Attock between the British and the 

 Sikhs. 



(Rennell's Memoir; Elphinstone's Cab*l ; London Oeoy. Journal, 

 1883 ; Parliamentary Papert.) 



ATTOO. [ALKOTIAX ISLANDS.] 



ATTURUS. [ADOWA.] 



AUH.M i N K. [BOOanfrM'MML] 



AKI'.i:. 1(1 V 1 ;i(. [AUBE, Department of] 



AUBE, a department of France, is bounded N. )>> 

 of Marne, E. by that of Haute-Marne, 8. and S. W. by that of ^ 

 and N.W. by that of Seine-et-Marne. It lie* between 47 66' and 

 48* 42' N. lat, 8 24' and 4* 48' E. long. It* length IV ,n, K. i.. \v 

 is 69 miles, from N. to S. 54 miles ; the area of the department i* 

 8817 square miles: the population in 1851 wa* 265,247, which give* 

 114-47 to tho square mile, being 60-84 below the average per square 

 mil* for all France. The department ix funned out of Lower Cham- 

 pagne and portions of the duchy of Bourgogne. 



Bwrfaet mud Product*. With the exception of some undulation*, 

 which increase in height towards the south and east, the department 

 is level The soil in the north and north-west consist* of a thin vege- 

 table mould, which rest* on a bed of chalk. This region i* bare of 

 trees and ill adapted for tillage, but abound* in sheep-pasture ; the 

 flock* however suffer much from want of shade in sum] 

 district* have been recently planted with evergiwn*, which have 

 succeeded well Small quantities of oat*, 1. M.I rye are 



grown. A* timber i* dear in this district, and a* hnildin- 

 found in it the habitation* of the peasantry ai 



in most other part* of France ; they are commonly built of sods dried 

 in the sun, and the roof* are covered with straw. 



The east of the department i* very fertile and well-wooded ; the soil 

 ii rich and deep, but in some places so stiff that it is not rare to see 



