673 



AUCHTERARDER. 



AUCKLAND ISLANDS. 



674 



ever, the Corinthian order is again offensively introduced : two rows 

 of oaken stalls run round it, remarkable for the beauty, richness, and 

 variety of their gothic sculptures. There is a crypt under the choir, 

 which contains five chapels lighted from the courts of what was 

 formerly the archiepiscopal palace itself a noble structure, now 

 partly occupied by the tribunals. Other noticeable objects in the 

 town are the prefect's residence, the ecclesiastical college, which con- 

 tains a library of 15,000 volumes, the public library with 8000 

 volumes, the town-hall, the theatre, the barracks, the abattoir, and a 

 large hospital built in a suburb on the right bank of the river, which 

 occupies the site of an ancient city. 



The city, which was anciently called Elimberix, took in time the 

 name of the Auei, a people of Aquitania, whose capital it was, and 

 from whom the modern name is derived. It seems to have been for 

 some time eclipsed by Elusa (now Eauze), which became for a con- 

 siderable period the capital of Novempopulana, and a bishop's see. 

 The city of the Ausci however at a date unknown recovered its rank ; 

 the see seems to have been transferred to it in the 4th century. 

 Several Roman remains have been found on the site of the ancient 

 city, which is supposed to have been demolished by the Saracens in 

 A.D. 7i4. The foundation of the modern town was laid on the hill 

 perhaps for the sake of security. In the 8th century Auch became 

 the capital of Gascony, and afterwards of the county of Annagnac. 

 The see was raised to an archbishopric in A.D. 879, by Pope John VIII. 

 From that year till 1789 the archbishops of Auch bore the title of 

 ' Primates of Aquitaine.' The diocese of Auch consists of the depart- 

 ment of Gers ; the province includes also the dioceses of Aire, Tarbes, 

 and Bayonne. The principal articles of trade are wine, Armagnac 

 brandy, wool, quills, oak staves, cattle, and fruits : woollen and cotton 

 stuffs, leather, crape, and hats are manufactured in the town and 

 neighbourhood. 



(fHctiannaire de la France; Annnaire pour I' An 1853.) 



AUCHTERARDER, Perthshire, Scotland, a village and ones a 

 royal burgh, which at one time sent a member to Parliament. How 

 the privilege was lost is not known. It consists of one street about a 

 mile long, on the road from Perth to Glasgow, and is 54J miles N.W. 

 from Edinburgh, in 66 18' N. lat., 3 42' W. long. The chief employ- 

 ment of the inhabitants is cotton weaving : the population in 1851 

 amounted to 2520. Stone fit for building and a peculiar kind of 

 thin gray slate are quarried in the parish. The town or village was 

 burnt down in 1715-16 ; and a sum of money was left by the Pre- 

 tender to be distributed among the sufferers. There are some vestiges 

 of Roman encampments in the parish ; also the ruins of an old castle, 

 said to have been a hunting-seat of Malcolm Canmore ; and of a chapel, 

 formerly the parish church. It was in reference to the parochial 

 charge of Auchterarder that the struggle commenced which ended in 

 the disruption of the Church of Scotland, and the consequent forma- 

 tion of the Free Church. There are here two chapels for United 

 Presbyterians, and one for the Free Church. 



(New Statistical Account of Scotland.) 



AUCHTERMUCHTY, Fifeshire, Scotland, a royal burgh in the 

 parish of Auchtermuchty, is situated in 56 18' N. lat., 3" 14' W. long., 

 about 9 miles W. from Cupar, and 3J miles N. by W. from Falkland. 

 It was incorporated by James IV. of Scotland, but did not exercise its 

 privilege of sending members to Parliament for some time before the 

 Union. The burgh is governed by two bailies and ten councillors, 

 one of whom is provost. 



The population of Auchtermuchty in 1851 was 2673. The inhabit- 

 ants are partly engaged in manufacturing brown linen. The parish 

 church was rebuilt in a substantial manner in 1780. The United 

 Presbyterians have three chapels, and the Free Church has one. 



AUCKLAND, ST. ANDREW, Durham, a village and the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of St. Andrew Auckland, and ward of 

 Darlington. The entire parish of St. Andrew Auckland contains 

 45,470 acres, and had in 1851 a population of 22,638 : the population 

 of the township of St. Andrew Auckland was 1329 in 1851. The 

 living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of Dur- 

 ham. Auckland Poor-Law Union contains 33 parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 58,289 acres, and a population in 1851 of 30,063. 



The name is derived from the Saxon AcorAke (oak), and the word 

 'land;' and in old writings is spelled Akeland, Aucland, Aclent, 

 Acclat, and Acle. The parish contains 27 subdivisions townships, 

 chapel rics, &c., of which only one [BISHOP'S AUCKLAND] calls for par- 

 ticular notice. Some others may be here mentioned. Binchester is 

 the site of a Roman station Vinovia or Binovium. The station is 

 on elevated ground, nearly 80 feet above the level of the river Wear, 

 which washes the base of the hill on the west. Roman coins, frag- 

 ments of pottery, seals, &c. have been discovered here. At Thickley 

 was born Colonel John Lilburne, who occupies a conspicuous place in 

 the history of Charles I. Eldon gave the title of Earl to the late Lord 

 Chancellor Eldon. 



The parish church, called South Church, is in the village of St. 

 Andrew s, about a mile to the south of Bishop's Auckland, on the 

 bunk of the river <!iiniil<;sa, a stream winch miming through the 

 pariHh joins the Wear near Bishop's Auckland. It is cruciform, and 

 has a tower at the western end. The church was collegiate before 

 tho time of Antony Beck or Bckc, bishop of Durham, who is com- 

 monly reputed to have rendered it collegiate in 1292. The college 



OEOO. DIV. VOL. I. 



as appointed by Bishop Beck consisted of a dean and an unascertained 

 number of prebendaries or canons. This church on the dissolution 

 which took place in the 1st of Edward VI. (1547) was greatly reduced, 

 being left as a curacy only, which it still continues to be. Several 

 National and Infant schools are in the parish. 



The river Wear passes through the parish, and is crossed by a stately 

 stone bridge of two arches, called ' Newton Capp Bridge.' The height 

 of the bridge above the river, and the span of the arches (91 feet for 

 one arch, and 101 feet for the other) are considerable for the time of 

 its erection, which was about the year 1390. 



(Hutchinson's History of the County of Durham; Communication 

 from A uckland.) 



AUCKLAND, BISHOP'S, Durham, a market-town .in the parish 

 of St. Andrew Auckland, is situated in 54 39' N. lat., 1 39' W. 

 long., 10 miles S.W. from Durham, 2484 miles N.N.W. from London 

 by road, and 268 miles by the Great Northern and York Newcastle 

 and Berwick railways : the population of the town in 1851 was 

 4400. 



The town is situated on an eminence, bounded .N . by the river 

 Wear, and E. by the little stream, the Gaunless, which falls into the 

 Wear near the town. It is on the old Roman road, Watling Street. 

 The eminence on which it is built is nearly 140 feet above the level of 

 the plain below, and the descent is occupied chiefly by gardens, which 

 from their steep declivity may be termed ' hanging gardens.' The 

 town is well built, and there is a spacious square market-place. TJie 

 parish church is about a mile from the town. An episcopal chapel 

 in the town has recently been rebuilt. Another episcopal chapel is 

 at Townwick. There are places of worship for Wesleyan and New 

 Connexion Methodists, Independents, and Roman Catholics. A 

 Grammar school founded here by King James I. in 1603 had 22 

 scholars in 1851. The endowment is 42i a year. There is a school 

 for 20 boys, founded by a Mr. Walton. A National school for 200 

 boys, and a School of Industry for girls, owe their origin chiefly to the 

 liberality of Bishop Barrington. There is an almshouse, founded by 

 Bishop Cosins. The market is on Thursday. Two fairs are held in 

 the mouths of March and October. A county court is held in the 

 town. There is a savings bank. 



The town derives it designation of 'Bishop's Auckland' from the 

 residence of the bishops of Durham. It is said to have been chosen 

 as an episcopal residence by Bishop Antony Beck. The present palace 

 is an irregular pile, somewhat resembling a magnificent abbey ; it 

 lies at the north-east end of the town. The entrance to it from the 

 town is through a modern gothic gateway and screen, extending 310 

 feet. The palace-chapel built by Bishop Cosins, a very fine edifice 

 84 feet long and 48 feet broad, with lofty piers and arches, has been 

 repaired at various times. The windows of the aisles are in the Deco- 

 rated style ; and the east window is very fine. The altar-piece is a 

 painting of the Resurrection by Sir Joshua Reynolds. A plain stone 

 with a modest epitaph points out the spot where Bishop Cosins lies 

 buried under the floor. There is a handsome monument by Nolle- 

 kens to the memory of Bishop Trevor, who died in 1771. The palace 

 contains some good paintings. The park (through which the Gaun- 

 less flows) is very extensive, including 800 acres, and the part near 

 the house is so laid out as to command a great variety of prospects. 

 A stone bridge crosses the Gaunless. 



The episcopal palace was granted, on the overthrow of Charles I. 

 and his party, and the suppression of the see, to Sir Arthur Hazelrig, 

 who determined to make it his residence. He pulled down almost all 

 the buildings which he found there, and out of their ruins erected a 

 costly mansion. On the restoration of Charles II. the bishops came 

 again into possession ; but Bishop Cosins declined to occupy the house 

 built by Sir Arthur, on the ground that he had used in building it 

 the stone of the ancient chapel. He accordingly pulled it down, 

 and restoring the stone to its original destination, built the present 

 chapel. 



(Hutchinson's Iliitory of the County of Durham ; Comrmmication 

 from Biihop's Auckland.) 



AUCKLAND. [ZEALAND, NEW.] 



AUCKLAND ISLANDS, named after Lord Auckland, lie in 51 

 S. lat., 166 E. long., about 900 miles S.E. from Van Diemen's Land, 

 and 180 miles S. from New Zealand. The group, which was discovered 

 in 1806 by Captain Briscoe, consists of one large island and several 

 smaller ones. Auckland, the largest of the group, is about 30 miles 

 long and 1 5 miles broad, and contains about 100,000 acres. The entire 

 group is of volcanic formation, composed of greenstone and basalt, 

 and has a wild and picturesque appearance. The highest hill, situated 

 on Auckland Island, is estimated at about 1 350 feet above the level of 

 the sea. There is a marked difference between the west and east coast 

 of Auckland Island, the west coast presenting towards the sea a line 

 of precipitous cliffs, whereas the east coast exhibits here and there a 

 fine sandy beach, upon which the sea scarcely breaks, and is inter- 

 sected by numerous streams and inlets ; while the elevated land from 

 the sea-beach to the summit is clothed with luxuriant vegetation and 

 covered with a thick layer of vegetable manure, producing an abund- 

 ant growth of large ferns. The eastern coast contains two principal 

 harbours, formed by inlets of the sea, which reach to within two or 

 three miles of the western coast, and are only six miles from each 

 other. Port Ross, at the western extremity of the island, is protected 



2 x 



