677 



AUDE. 



AUGILA. 



678 



The first arrondissement is named from its chief town CARCASSONE, 

 which is also the capital of the department. Among the other towns 

 are the following. Alzonne, 10 miles W. from Carcassone, has some 

 cloth factories, and a population of 1598. Conquft, a small town of 

 1654 inhabitants, is situated on a hill above the left bank of the 

 Orbiel, a small feeder of the Aude, 4 miles N.N.E. from Carcassone, 

 and hag woollen factories, dye-houses, and corn and fulling mills. 

 La-Grae, situated at the foot of the Corbieres Mountains on the Orbieu, 

 and near its junction with the Alsanne, 16 miles S.E. from Carcas- 

 sone, has a population of 1316. It owes its origin to a monastery 

 founded here in the 8th century. The monastic buildings, which are in 

 good preservation, are of vast extent, of different periods, and some of 

 them of great elegance ; in the Abbey church are several fine paintings 

 by Spagnoletto. Iron-mines are worked near La-Grasse. Le-Mai- 

 Cabardte, situated on the Orbiel, 10 miles N. from Carcassone, in a 

 valley covered with plantations of chestnut, olive, apple, and other 

 fruit-trees, is although only a village of 830 inhabitants the centre of a 

 considerable manufacture of woollen cloths. Montreal, 1 2 miles W. from 

 Carcassone, on the high road to Foix, has a population of 3062. This 

 town stands on a hill which commands a fine view of the mountain 

 ranges of the department, as well as over the plains of Carcassone and 

 Alzonne; the church of St. -Vincent, a structure of the 14th century, 

 is a fine building. Montreal was a stronghold of the Albigenses, and 

 its castle suffered several sieges from Simon de Montfort, to whom it 

 was surrendered in 1211. The Black Prince burnt the town in 1355, 

 and the Calvinists in 1594. The partisans of the Duke de Montmo- 

 rency took it in 1632, but it soon afterwards submitted to the crown. 

 Montolieu, 9 miles N.W. from Carcassone, has woollen factories, iron 

 foundries, fulling mills, tan-yards, and a population of 1807. Peyriac- 

 Minenoit, 11 miles N.E. from Carcassone, has a population of 1309, 

 and manufactures of hosiery, leather, and brandy. The town is 

 situated in one of the most fertile districts, in the department on the 

 Argent-Double, which also passes Cannes, famous for its marble 

 quarries. The river bottom between the two towns is laid out in 

 water-meadows, and the hills that screen the valley of the Argent- 

 Double are planted with olives, vines, and other fruit-trees. Cannes 

 has a very beautiful church and above 2000 inhabitants. Saitmc, a 

 poor village in a defile of the Montagne-Noire, 15 miles N.W. 

 from Carcassone, has 1781 inhabitants. Trtbei, on the Canal-du- 

 Miili, and at the junction of the Orbiel with the Aude, which is here 

 crossed by a fine bridge. The Canal-du-Midi is carried across the 

 Orbiel here on arches. Tribes is a bustling little town ; it has timber- 

 yards, several tile and brick works,' brandy distilleries, and slips for 

 building canal boats : population, 1773. Tuchan, on the Verdouble, at 

 the head of a vale near the highest part of the Corbieres range, has a 

 population of 1220 : a coal-mine is worked in the neighbourhood. 



In the second arrondissement the chief town is Limoux, which 

 is situated in 43 3' 15" N. lat., 2 27' 32" E. long., 19 miles S.W. 

 from Carcassone : population, 7417. It stands on both banks of 

 the Aude, in a fertile valley screened by vine-chid hills, behind which 

 rise high mountains from the Pyrenean chain. The town is well 

 built and adorned with fountains. It has tribunals of first instance 

 and of commerce, a college, an hospital, a theatre, and two covered 

 market-places. Its manufactures of broadcloth are important ; there 

 are also woollen-yarn manufactories, tanneries, soaperies, and oil-mills. 

 Limoux has a considerable trade in wine, and is the mart for the iron 

 of the neighbouring furnaces. 



Among the other towns are the following. Aid, on the Aude, 

 6 miles above Limoux, population 1320, stands in a valley of such 

 fertility in corn, fruits, and wine, as to be called the garden of the 

 department. There arc four mineral springs here, one of which is 

 cold. Oold, copper, and iron, have been found in the neighbourhood. 

 Belcaire, 33 mil. s s.S.W. from Limoux, at the extremity of the plain of 

 Sault, population 1064, gives name to a canton. Chalabre, a pretty 

 town 17 miles S.W. from Limoux, with a population of 3416, stands 

 on the right bank of the Lers at the meeting of two valleys watered 

 by the Blau and the Chalabreil. About 15,000 pieces of broadcloth 

 are annually made here. Qutilan, a town of about 2200 inhabitants, 

 is situated on the Aude, 20 miles S. from Limoux, and has manu- 

 factures of cloth and ironmongery, and several iron furnaces, to one 

 of which water is brought from the Aude by means of a tunnel 

 fto.-Huaire, 5 miles from Limoux, population 1000, gives name to a 

 canton. 



The third arrondissement is named from its chief town NABBONNE. 



f the other towns the following are given. Courtan, 4 miles N.N.E. 

 from Narbonne, on the right bank of the Aude, in a very fertile plain, 

 has a population of 2022. Leucate, 24 miles S. from Narbonne, 

 is situated on a peninsular tongue of hind between tho sea and the 

 shore-lake of Lencate, and has a population of 1215. The extremity 



of the peninsula forms the cape of Franqui, on which there is a 

 redoubt, the only remains of the old fortifications of Leucate. Within 

 the cape the water is deep enough for the largest vessels ; and here 

 several sovereigns of France commenced the formation of a naval 

 port. The town was anciently called Lescata. Philippe le Bel 

 obtained it by purchase in 1309 for the purpose of constructing a 

 harbour to replace that of Aignes-Mortes, which was becoming im- 

 practicable from the lodgment of the sands. The works were 

 afterwards resumed by Philippe of Valois, but were soon suspended 

 from want of funds. Leucate was formerly strongly fortified ; it was 

 unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards in 1590, when it was nobly 

 defended by Constance de Cezeli, wife of Barri, the governor of the 

 town, who had fallen into the hands of the enemy. Again in 1627 

 the Spaniards besieged it without success. In 1664 the fortificationa 

 were demolished, and the place has since dwindled to a mere village. 

 Ltzignan, 13 miles W. from Narbonne, has brandy distilleries, and a 

 population of 2168. Large fairs are held here on the 4th of September 

 and the 4th of December, annually. In the September fair, at which 

 the whole population for many miles round assembles, there is a great 

 merry-making, and an inconceivable number of hoops, staves, and 

 casks, necessary for the approaching vintage, are sold. Sigean, on the 

 shore-lake of Sigean, is a place of some commercial activity, owing to 

 its proximity to the port of Nouvelle at the mouth of the Robine 

 Canal, and has a good trade in salt, wine, brandy, wool, honey, &c. : 

 population, 3073. There are several salt-pans in the neighbourhood 

 of Sigean. 



In the fourth arrondissement the chief town is Castdncmdary, which 

 is situated on an eminence above the Canal-du-Midi and the Fresquel, 

 in 43 19' N. lat., 1 57' E. long., 23 miles west of Carcassone, and has 

 a population of 10,000. The town is ill built ; the only edifices worth 

 mention are the church of St.-Michel, and the hospital, which is richly 

 endowed. To the south of the town is a reservoir of the canal, which 

 is 1312 yards hi circuit ; it is bordered with docks, and surrounded 

 by shops and stores, and gives the town the appearance of a port. 

 There are tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a college, an 

 exchange, and an agricultural society in the town. Coarse cloths, 

 canal boats, pottery, and bricks are made ; there are also brandy 

 distilleries and flour-mills. Besides the articles named, the town 

 trades in timber, iron, and hides. A castle called ' Castrum Novum 

 Arianorum ' (New Fortress of the Arians), is said to have been built 

 here by the Visigoths, who were Arians, upon the site of an ancient 

 town which they destroyed. Around the castle the town sprung up. 

 The town was, in the 13th century, one of the strongholds of the 

 Albigenses, many of whom were executed here for their religion. 

 The Black Prince reduced Castelnaudary to ashes in 1355. In an 

 action fought under the walls of the town in 1632 between the forces 

 of Louis XIII. and Gaston d'Orleans (who was defeated), the famous 

 Henri Duke of Montmorenci, Marshal of France, was severely wounded 

 and taken prisoner. 



Among the other towns are the following. Bdpech, 15 miles S.W. 

 from Castelnaudary on the Lers, has cloth manufactories and a popu- 

 lation of 2525. Fanjeaux, 14 miles S. by E. from Castelnaudary, is 

 built on the ruins of an ancient fort, and has a population of 1880. 

 There is a splendid view of the Pyrenees and over the valley of ohe 

 Aude from this town. It was formerly fortified, and was pillaged and 

 burnt by the Black Prince in 1355. Sallei, 8 miles W. from Castel- 

 naudary, on the Lers-Mort, has a population of 1189. St.-Papoul, 5 

 miles N.E. from Castelnaudary, has a population of 1295 ; this town 

 owes its origin to an abbey founded here by Charlemagne ; it was for 

 some time in the 14th century the seat of a bishop. 



The department forms the see of the bishop of Carcassone, and is 

 included in the jurisdiction of the High Court of Montpellier : it 

 belongs to the llth Military Division, of which Perpignan is head- 

 quarters. 



(Dictionnaire de la Frante ; Balbi's Gtogrankie; Annuaire pour I' An 

 1853.) 



AUERSTADT, a small village in the Prussian government of 

 Merseburg (about eight leagues to the north-east of Erfurt), owes 

 its celebrity to the defeat of the main body of the Prussian army by 

 a division of the French army under Marshal Davoust on the 14th of 

 October, 1806. For this brilliant achievement Davoust received the 

 title of Duke of Auerstiidt from Napoleon. On the same day 

 Napoleon defeated Prince Hohenlohe at Jena : the two battles have 

 usually gone under the name of the ' Battle of Jena,' as parts of the 

 same field, though they were quite distinct, and indeed some leagues 

 from each other. 



AU'GILA, or'ATTDJELAH, as the Arabs pronounce it, is a town 

 situated in an oasis within the great Desert of Barca, in 29 18' N. lat., 

 21 53' E. long., on the track of the caravans which trade between 

 Cairo and Fezzan. Augila is mentioned in the ancient geographers. 

 Herodotus (iv. 182) places Augila ten days' journey from Siwahiu tho 

 oasis of. Ammon; and Hornemann, who travelled from Siwah to 

 Augila in 1797, found the calculation correct. The oasis of Augila is 

 a dependence of the Beylick of Bengazi, which is itself a province of 

 the regency of Tripoli. It contains two other towns or large villages 

 besides Augila, namely, Mojabra and Muledila. The people are 

 chiefly employed in the caravan trade ; and they have established 

 direct communications with the countries of Borgoo, Bornoo, and 



