M 



AUO8BCRO. 



AUGSBURG. 



Bagbarme, without passing through Fvaan. They have also caravans 

 which trade with the port of Bengasi, on the Mediterranean Sea. The 

 country round Augila it sandy and flat, but well watered and cultivated 

 chiefly in garden*. 



The women of Augila make gray woollen cloths, called 'abba,' 

 which are sold in Pezxan. The town of Augila is ill built and dirty. 

 The inhabitant* (peak, besides Arabic, another language which 

 resembles that of Siwah, of which Hornemann gives a short 

 vocabulary. 



AUGSBURG, a town in Bavaria, capital of the circle of Schwaben- 

 und-Jieuburg (formerly Upper Danube), stands on a gentle eminence 

 1400 feet above the level of the sea in an agreeable and fertile country 

 in the fork between the Wertach and the Lech, in 48 21' 46" N. lat, 

 10* 64' 49* E. long. ; at a distance of 34 miles W. from Munich and 

 34 miles S. from the mouth of the Lech in the Danube : population, 

 38,000, 3-5ths of whom are Catholics and the rest Protestants of 

 different sects. In consequence of its central position and of the 

 number of roads that intersect in it, Augsburg has long commanded a 

 large share of the internal commerce of Germany ; it is also important 

 as a manufacturing town. Its facilities for commerce have been 

 greatly increased by the formation of railroads which connect it with 

 Munich, with Lindau on the Lake of Constonz, and northward with 

 Nurnberg and Bamberg, whence one line runs north-east, connecting 

 Bavaria with the Saxon and Prussian railway system, and another 

 westward to Frankfort and the Rhine. The town, which in still 

 surrounded by walls and ditches, is divided into three quarters, the 

 upper, centre, and lower towns, independently of the suburb of St. 

 James, which lies outside the walls ; it is intersected by four canals, 

 which supply the mills and the manufactories of the town with water. 

 The exterior boundary of the glacis has been converted into delightful 

 walks, along which the circuit of the city may be made in a couple of 

 hours ; and within the glacis runs a wall flanked with towers, bul- 

 warks, and ditches, which are crossed by four principal and six minor 

 entrances. The Maximilian Strasse, one of the finest streets in 

 Germany, is distinguished for its length and its breadth ; in the 

 centre of it are three bronze fountains adorned with elegant figures. 

 But the streets in general are narrow and irregularly built, and the 

 pavement annoying to the feet, being composed of small flints 

 though its disposition in a mosaic form is not unpleasing to the eye. 

 The general appearance of the town is however much improved by a 

 variety of handsome buildings and squares, and enlivened, though it 

 can scarcely be said to be embellished, by the manner in which the 

 generality of the houses are painted with stripes, either green, red, or 

 yellow always separated by white. Every street and lane is provided 

 with reservoirs of water for the use of the adjoining houses, and a 

 separate work for the purpose of forcing the water into them. 



The finest edifice in Augsburg is the Town-Hall (Rathhatis), whi.-h 

 was built in 1620 in the Italian style, and contains the ' Golden Hall,' 

 perhaps the most splendid apartment in Germany, its length being 

 120 feet, its breadth 60, and its height 60 feet ; the ceiling, which is 

 not supported by pillars, is decorated with paintings and frescoes, and 

 the whole apartment is lighted by three rows of windows one above 

 the other. This hall, with the four royal apartments adjoining, was 

 formerly appropriated to the purpose of a picture-gallery ; but the 

 best of the paintings have been removed to the Munich Gallery : 

 thoM that remain consist chiefly of specimens of the old German 

 school, and are now exhibited in the former Convent of St Catherine 

 in a narrow street behind the Drei-Mohren Inn. Adjoining the town- 

 hall is a belfry called Perlach Tower, which is ascended by a staircase 

 of 600 stops ; and the Arsenal, the facade of which is embellished 

 with a noble group, representing 'the Demon of War vanquished by 

 Michael the Archangel,' the work of Von Rain, a Bavarian sculptor. 

 The episcopal palace, now converted into government offices, is on the 

 Frohnhof DMT the cathedral ; it was under this roof that Luther held 

 hi* celebrated disputation with CajeUn the papal legate in the year 

 1618, and under the same roof (June 25, 1630,) the Confession of 

 Augsburg was presented to the emperor Charles V. Among other 

 conspicuous buildings ars the ' Halle,' a handsome commercial mart 

 and storehouse, which is also partly used for judicial proceedings ; the 

 public library, which is rich in Qreek books and manuscripts ; the 

 grandson academy of arts ; the school of arts ; and the cathedral, 

 which was built in the 16th century on the site of an ancient Basilica, 

 erected in A.D. 994, to which date the present nave and crypt are 

 sstgiMd. This edifice Is 860 feet in length, and of the gothic order ; 

 to* nave is 46 feet in breadth, and the aisles are fitted up with 24 

 chapels and decorated with paintings of some merit Its ornamented 

 portal and ancient brass doors, carved with figures and emblems and 

 dating from the year 1 048, deserve notice. St-Ulrich's Church, at one 

 nd of the Maximilian Stnsse, is 310 fe*t in length, 94 in width, and 

 onnounud by a sUeple 360 feet high, from the summit of which 

 a fin* prospect is obtained of the town and iU environs. Thiscburch 

 "** several monuments of the Pugger family. The convent 

 adjoining; at.-Ulrich's is now a barrack ; the fine library it contained 

 has bs*n removed to Mimiok The Dnri-Mohren (Three Moon) Inn 

 hasist-duwUrh,un.gnfor600 years. Close to it is the man- 

 Stan of tits elder branch of the Fugger family, consisting of a double 

 V^^FS^^^^n^^krfiVau^pil^ The 

 apartment in which Anthony Fugpr entertained Charles V. remains 



unaltered; in the front drawing-room of the mansion Napoleon 

 announced to the corporation of Augsburg the termination of a 

 vileges as a free city and its annexation to the crown of Havana. Of 

 the numerous monasteries, convents, and ecclesiastical structures of 

 Augsburg, 16 churches remain, 5 of which are appropriated to the 

 use of Protestants. In charitable endowments there are few cities of 

 the same extent so rich. At the head of them stands the institution 

 called the ' Fuggerei, 1 established in the year 1619 by two brothers of 

 the Fugger family, who were the founders of more than one earldom 

 of the present day ; it is situated in the suburb of St James, has its 

 own church, consists of three streets and as many lanes, has three 

 gates, and contains 107 small houses, let out to indigent natives of 

 the town at a low rent Lawrence Schaetzler, a banker of Augsburg, 

 emulated this work of commercial munificence : first, by establishing 

 a school of industry for 100 poor children and orphans of this his 

 native town ; and by erecting an asylum within the walls of the old 

 Dominican monastery for the reception and partial maintenance and 

 employment of 63 aged males, 47 operatives, and 76 children. To 

 these institutions may be added an admirably-conducted orphan 

 asylum and a savings bank. Education is well attended to by all the 

 religious communities in the town. The newspapers of all the prin- 

 cipal states of Europe may be seen in the news-room of the Exchange 

 opposite the town-hall 



Among the public embellishments of the town we must not omit 

 to notice the Grand Parade in front of the cathedral; Maximilian 

 Square, next to St-Ulrich's Church ; and several open areas, which aro 

 adorned with handsome fountains: the general character of these 

 embellishments shows the close relationship which once subsisted 

 between Augsburg and the Italian states. In the better days of 

 Augsburg the fronts of every respectable dwelling shone with the 

 glories of the pencil, and the whole Scriptures might be stn.i 

 fresco illustrations out of doors. Not only the fine arts, but science 

 and the belles-lettres found patrons in the merchants of Augsburg : 

 their cabinets and libraries vied with their gardens and mansions : the 

 first tulip known in the west of Europe was brought to Augsburg 

 from Constantinople and planted by Heerwart in 1557. The best 

 preserved specimen of the external decorations is the Webcrhims, 

 but even its frescoes are faded almost to indistinctness. A piece of 

 cloth woven in 1446 by Conrad Fugger, the founder of the Fugger 

 family, is shown within, and also several cups and banners of the 

 weavers' guild. 



The principal sources of the present affluence of Augsburg are 

 banking and exchange operations, and the transit of merchandise. 

 It is a depOt for the wines of Italy, Switzerland, and the south of 

 Germany, and it still enjoys repute for its plate and jewellery. It has 

 above 200 mercantile establishments, and an annual circulation, vary- 

 ing in value from three to four millions sterling, in bills and merchan- 

 dise. A large cotton mill driven by water employs 1000 han.ls. 

 There is also a manufactory for steam machinery and mill work. 

 Tim linen manufactures, which were formerly of first-rate importance, 

 have dwindled into comparative insignificance ; but the manufacture 

 of parchment and of plain and coloured paper continues to thrivr. 

 Augsburg has indeed strong claims to the merit of having invented 

 the art of making paper from rags, which came into use here as early 

 as the year 1830. Its mechanics too, from their experience in wood- 

 cutting oud in stamping cards in colours, had acquired that species of 

 skill which rendered the process of printing an easy task to their 

 hands: they were among the first therefore to avail themselves of 

 Guttenberg's invention. Great numbers of the ordinary class of 

 books, prints, and charts are engraved and circulated throughout 

 Germany from Augsburg ; and the ' Allgemcine Zeitung,' also called the 

 ' Augsburg Gazette,' the most widely circulated journal in Germany, 

 is printed here. No branch of industry however JH in a more thriving 

 state than the woollen manufactures of the town, which give employ- 

 ment to nearly 600 looms. The working of the latter is greatly 

 facilitated by the canals supplied from the I.<-<-li, which set between 

 100 and 200 wheels in motion, and are traversed by 220 bridges and 

 crossings. Among the other industrial products of the town aro 

 beet-root sugar, mathematical and musical instruments, paper-hang- 

 ings, printing-types, carpets, and a variety of articles of luxury. The 

 principal cannon-foundry in Bavaria is at Augsburg. Its population 

 was much greater in former times than at present ; at the close of 

 the 16th century the number of inhabitants is stated to have been 

 80,000. 



The emperor Augustus planted a colony here about twelve years 

 Iwfore the Christian era, to which he gave the name of ' Augusta 

 Vindrlicorum.' This town was the capital of Hha'tia Secunda or 

 Vin.lolicia. The latter name as well as the distinctive name of the 

 town is most probably derived from the ancient names of the Wcrtoch 

 and the Lech Vindo and Licus. There is nothing to note in its 

 subsequent fortunes until the 6th century, when it was pillaged by 

 the Huns ; it afterwards came under the dominion of the FrankUn 

 sovereigns, and in 788 was almost razed to the ground during tin: M :u- 

 which raged between Charlemagne and Tassilo of Bavaria. Upon the 

 dissolution of the Prankish monarchy Augsburg fell under the sway 

 of the dukes of Swabia ; but growing rich by its commerce and manu- 

 factures, it gradually shook off all external authority, purchased its 

 independence of its episcopal sovereigns, was recognked as a free state 



