m 



AUSTRALIA, SOOTH. 



AUSTRIA. 



711 



8J.700 to Sooth Australia, and 5,904 to Western Australia. It has 

 -fal~ very rapidly increased, owing to the immigration consequent on 

 the cold discoveries, and at the commencement of the present year 

 (1853) the population wan at least 500,000. 



On August 5, 1850, an Act of the Imperial Parliament received the 

 royal assent, by which representative constitutions were given, as dis- 

 tinct colonies, to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and 

 Western Australia (as well as to Van Diemen's Land) ; with power 

 to form other districts if necessary, and also powers of modification. 

 The details of the constitutions will be found under the heads of the 

 several colonies. The governors of Victoria, South Australia, and 

 Western Australia have the title of lieutenant-governor; the governor 

 of New South Wales has the title of governor-general, but there is no 

 seat of supreme government in Australia, all the colonies being placed 

 on an equality. Six bishoprics have been founded in Australia, Sydney 

 (metropolitan), Newcastle, Adelaide, Melbourne, Tasmania, and Western 

 Australia. An attempt U being mode to found a new bishopric, Perth, 

 in Western Australia. 



Australia U at present in a transition state. The recent discoveries 

 of gold, and the consequent extraordinary influx of immigrants, and 

 the general overthrow of previous arrangements render any even of 

 the most recent and careful statements respecting the condition of the 

 country in a great measure obsolete or inapplicable. Even the latest 

 official returns refer to a past state of things. We therefore refrain from 

 giving any general statistics in this place, referring for all details 

 respecting the condition, commerce, &<x, to our notices of the respective 

 colonies of NEW SODTU WALES, VICTORIA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, and 

 WISTERX AUSTRALIA, and their capitals STDNEY, MELBOURNE, 

 ADELAIDE, and PEHTH. 



(tiarratitet, Journali, <tc., of Voyagei, Trartb, Journitt, <.. .' 

 Australia, by Flinders, Brown, King, Karle Cunningham, Frazer, 

 Kind, Plron, Sturt, Oxley, Hunter, Grey, Eyre, Field, Breton, Bennett, 

 Clarke, Melville, Roe, Wentworth, MacgUlivray, Mossman and Banister, 

 Lanoellott, Oerstaecker, Stokes, Leichhardt, Strzelecki, Jukes, Darwin, 

 Ac. ; the Geoyrapkieal Journal; Parliamentary Papert, *c. For a 

 clear and comprehensive view of the physical features of Australia as 

 far as known up to the commencement of the present year (1853), the 

 reader should consult Arrow-smith's Great Map of Australia, just pub- 

 lished; and that also by Arrowsmith which is attached to the 

 Parliamentary Blue Book entitled Further Papert relative to the 

 Recent Diteorrry of Gold in Auttralia, 1853.) 



AUSTRALIA, SOUTH. [SOUTH AUSTRALIA.] 



AUSTRASIA (Austnsie), a part of the territories subjected by 

 Clovis, which was erected into a kingdom in favour of his son Thierry, 

 in A.D. 511. The name U said to be a Latin corruption of Oester-ruich, 

 the eastern kingdom of the Franks. The capital of the kingdom was 

 Met*. Australia was separated from Neustria by the Vosgea, the 

 forest of Ardenne, and the river Meuse down to its mouth. On 

 the east the frontier was variable, sometimes it was the Rhine, but 

 more frequently it extended a good way beyond the right bonk of that 

 river, so that Thuringia, Eastern FriesUnd, and some of the small 

 Saxon duchies were subject to Australia. In the 7th century the 

 Australians commenced the conquest of Neustria, or Western France, 

 and completed it in A.D. 687. The Kings of Austrasia were the 



'. hit, and 9 and 27* E. long., occupying an area of 255,722 square 

 geographical miles, the circuit of which has been estimated at 4 !<> 

 niles. It thus spreads over 9 degrees of latitude and 18 degrees of 

 ongitude: and extends from the castle of St. Stephen, 30 miles 

 below Cattaro in Dalmatia, and the Punto di Oero, south of the 

 mouths of the Po in upper Italy, to the sources of the Spree, close 

 ipon Prussian Lusatia, and almost to the walls of Sandomir in Polish 

 Russia ; and from its extreme western point, the hamK-t of Engera, 

 at the southern end of the Lago Maggiore in Lombardy, to Khoezim 

 n Bessarabia, which lies close upon its most eastern border. The 

 rritories of Saxony and Prussian Silesia bound the Austrian 

 lominions on the north-west and north, the former for 250 miles and thu 

 alter for nearly 320 miles ; on the north-east and east, the frontier 

 una next to the Russian provinces of Podolia, Volhynia, and 

 Seesarabia for a distance of nearly 600 miles ; and it is in this quarter 

 .hat the Austrian dominions ore the most vulnerable, as the fi 

 is entirely open in the north-east for nearly 190 miles. The rein 

 of the eastern and the larger portion of the southern confines adjoin 

 .he Turkish provinces of Moldavia, Wallachia, Servia, Bosnia, and 

 Croatia, along a line of nearly 1400 miles. The Adriatic washes the 

 Austrian shore for 650 miles ; the land boundary on the south next 

 skirts the dominions of the Roman See, about 60 miles ; of Modena and 

 Parma, 120; and of the Sardinian States, about 1 00 miles. The western 

 limits of the Austrian dominions, in their course from the south to 

 the north, border for an extent of 330 miles on the Swiss cantons of 

 Ticino, the Vallois, and St. Oallen; of 14 miles on the principality 

 of Liechtenstein ; of nearly the same distance on Lake Constanz; 

 and of above 550 miles on the kingdom of Bavaria. The extreme 

 length of the Austrian empire has been estimated at 870 miles, and 

 its greatest breadth at 690 miles. 



Surface, Population, ttc. The territorial surface of the Austrian 

 dominions has been variously stated by the best writers on the subject. 

 We have preferred to abide by the dimensions assigned by Rohrer, 

 whose 'Statistics of the Austrian Empire' ore generally reputed to 

 bave been founded on semi-official documents. The number of 

 cities, 4c., is from a Return in the ' Vienna Archives' of 1833, drawn 

 up, we understand, by Czoruig. 



; Sigebert IL 



656 ; Dagobert, 674. To these Kings succeeded Dukes of Austrasia, 

 of the Carlovingian race : Pepin d'Heristhal, 678 ; Charles Mattel, 

 714 : Pepin le Href, 741, who took the title of King of France in 752. 

 In 772, Charlemagne united Austrasia to the other portions of the 

 French monarchy. 



AUSTRIA, EMPIRE OF. Noricum, in remoter ages a wild tract 

 of country, which has the appearance of having once been covered 

 with water, extended from the Julian and Comic, or Corinthian Alps, 

 to the right bank of the Danube, and from Mount Cetius to the 

 Rbrtian borders. From this inconsiderable region, for its area 

 scarcely exceeded that of the present archduchy of Austria itself 

 lining the ' Oesterreich,' ' Eastern territory of the Empire,' or ' Eastern 

 Hark of the Empire of the Franks,' as it was designated by Charle- 

 magne, when towards the clone of the 8th century he united the 

 territory composing the archduchy of our own times with the German 

 empire. This once wild and inhospitable region has given birth to a 

 race of rulers who have gradually united kingdoms and principalites 

 under their dominion, which now comprehends nearly one-twelfth of 

 the entire surface of Europe. But the several portions of which tlii* 

 empire is composed are not more dissimilar in natural character than 

 are the people themselves hi language, usages, and prejudices; so far 

 from being united into one nation, they are held together by a solitary 

 link that of subordination to a common sovereign. 



Though the dominions of the house of Austria comprehend, as w< 

 have observed, nearly one-twelfth of the surface of Europe, they con 

 stitiitr only the third in pnint of extent among its monarchies ; fo 

 UM European territory of Rumia is fully eight tunes, and the Swedish 

 one-twelfth, more extensive. The 'Campania of Germany,' as the 

 Austrian empire has been not inaptly designated* mak^s a compac 

 to which iU southernmost extremity, the narrow tract o 

 forms the only exception. It lies between 42* and C2 



255,220 799 53,539 



To these must be added the territory of Cracow, 490 square miles, 

 annexed by Austria to its dominions in 1846. 



The preceding statemenl gives a view of the customary subdivision 

 of the territorial surface of the Austrian dominions ; but for the pur- 

 pose of internal administration, they have I..M .li-n ;i"ii. ! in . 

 somewhat different order. These, with the population of each, an 

 by authority in the 'Gotha Almanac' for 1853, are as follows: 



Pop. in 

 1850. 



1,538,047 

 700,310 

 140,007 



1,006,971 

 Ilt,tl4 

 403,056 



508,010 



Lotctr Aiutria 

 tpi-i- Atutria 



, containing three circles Brack, Ciriiu and Marburg 



Otmiola ............ 



KiiMlnland, or Maritime Districts, containing three circles, Wire, 



Itrla, and Triest ......... 



7Vro< and I'wnrtrry, containing four rlrcles, Brlxen, Innsbruck, 



Tricnt, and Brcfcns ......... 



RoHrmia, containing norm circles, Prague, Budwcis, Egcr, GlUchln, 



Ilulimisch-Lclpa, Pardubiti, and Pilwn ..... 



lloraria, containing two circlet, Hi mm and olnilllr, . . . . 



mini* ............ 



Halifia, Including I-cmberg, Cracow, and BtantslawofT . . . 

 AwkMrfm ........... 



Ddmntia ........... 



Lomlardy, containing nine prorlnccs, Bergamo, Breads, Conio, 



Cremona, Lodi anil Crema, Mantua, Milan, 1'avia, and Sondrio . 

 Tnicr, containing tight provinces, Bclluno, Padua, Itovigo, Trcvivj, 



I'dine (I'rluli), Vi nico, Verona, Vicenr.a ..... 



859,700 



1,1"'','"'" 



1,709,838 



IU,M6 



4,555,477 



380,820 



393,715 



