AUSTRIA. 



AUSTRIA. 



Wiillachia ; luring tnrened the Austrian territory for more than 

 600 mils*, long the whole line of which it is navigable, although 

 Aram the rapidity of iu current it is only used in its descent, except 

 by steam-vessels, which ascend it from Ratisbon to Vienna. By a 

 canal beyond the limit) of the Austrian empire the Danube is con- 

 nected with the Rhine, and a communication is thus formed between 

 the North Sea and the Black Sea. Where it first enters Austria its 

 Tmlley, narrowed by the declivities of the Noric Alps and Bbhmerwald, 

 is continued between rocks until it arrives below Linz ; nor do the 

 difficulties of ite navigation terminate until its steep banks sink down 

 into the tranquil valley which opens above Vienna. Here it divides 

 into several 'bBnn"l, created by a multitude of islands, such as the 

 Lobau, Prater, 4c., and then flows towards the borders of Hungary : 

 its passage into this kingdom, between Haimburg and Presburg, is 

 skirted by the Leitha range of the Noric Alps on ita right bonk, 

 and the Leaver Carpathians on its left. This point is the termina- 

 tion of the Upper Danube. From Presburg to Kumom the Lower 

 Danube flows through two channels (the northern receiving the 

 Waag and the southern the Raab), which bound each side of the 

 extensive island of Schiitt ; uniting at the eastern end of that island, 

 it winds between the Bakony Forest (mountains) and the base of the 

 most western arms of the Carpathians through Gran to Waitzen. 

 From Waitzen it describes a very tortuous line through the spacious 

 lowlands of Hungary into Slavonia, winding round islands, and edged 

 by swamp and marsh. The average width of the Danube in its course 

 through Austria is stated by Lichtcnstcrn to be 600 feet, and ita 

 average depth to vary from 8 feet to 42 feet ; its fall between Vienna 

 and Ofen in Hungary is 77 feet; and according to Heinrichs between 

 Ingolstedt (which lies about 90 miles nearly due west of Pasaatt and 

 Perth) it is 813 Parisian feet The absolute elevation of ite surface is 

 set down by Lichtenstern as 972 feet at Paasau, 690 feet at Linz, 480 feet 

 at Vienna, 312 feet at Presburg, 258 feet at Raab, and 216 feet at 

 Pesth. [DASLBE.] 



The more important of the streams which discharge themselves 

 into the Danube, after they have flowed through portions of the 

 Austrian territory, arc, 



1. The Inn, which crosses the Orisons frontier above the paaa of 

 FinstermUntz into the Tyrol, through whose northern districts, par- 

 ticularly the extensive and fertile valley of the Inn, it runs to the 

 borders of south-eastern Bavaria, which it meets at Eichelwang. From 

 this point it runs north and then east through the elevated plateau of 

 Bavaria for about 90 miles to Braunau in Austria, whence it flows 

 northward, forming the boundary between Bavaria and Austria until 

 it joins the Danube at Passau after on entire course of nearly 320 

 111 i KM. It becomes navigable at Hall, after passing Innsbruck. Its 

 principal tributary stream is the Salza, or Salzach, which springs from 

 the Noric Alps at the Krummler-Tauern, above Ronoch, on the south- 

 western limits of Austria : it traverses the vole of the Pinzgau, turns 

 north and pianns through Salzburg, at a short distance above which 

 town it becomes navigable, and terminates a course of nearly 200 

 miles by joining the Inn at Homing, a little south of Braunau. 

 Between Braunau and the point where the left bank receives the 

 Scale, it runs between the Archduchy and Bavaria. 



2. The Trait*, another navigable river of the Upper Ens province, 

 springs out of two lakes in the north-western comer of Styria, soon 

 after enters the province of the Ens, flows northward through the 

 HallsUtter and Gemiind or Traun lakes, and passing through \\ , >- 

 terminates a course of about 110 miles near Zitzelau, below Lin/., 

 where it meet* the Danube, after ita waters have been increased by 

 UM Ajar, Aim, and Krema. 



3. The I'm, or Euns, has ite source in a lake above Radatadt in (he 

 circle of Salzburg, passes through the north-western part of Ktvri.-i, 

 and entering the Archduchy of Austria falls into the Danube near 

 Knus. It receives the Stojcr just above the town of that name, and 

 has a course of about 170 miles. 



4. The March, or Morava, begins ite course of about 220 miles at 

 the foot of the Schneeberge (Snow Mountains), at the most north- 

 WMtoriy point of the border between Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian- 

 Silesia ; descends southward to Litteu in Moravia, between gradually 

 lowering banks ; thence it runs through lowlands, where woodland 

 and marsh alternately bound ite bed, to Olniutz and Hadrasch. It 

 leaves Moravia above Hohenau in the north-eastern extremity of the 

 Archduchy of Austria, separates that province from Hungary during 

 the remainder of ite course, and meete the Danube at Theben, a little 

 above Presburg. The Tbaya has a coarse of abouU170 miles through 

 /.n.iim from the Moravian Mountains ; after it has been joined by the 

 Schwartz, which crosses Moravia through llninn from the Bohemian 

 frontier, it u the principal stream which flows into the March. 



6. The Draft, or Drsu, which rises on Mount Pellegrino not far 



part of Styria, (lowing past Mahrburg enters the south-west of 



Hungary above the Vonwdin, bounds the north-eastern districts of 



**. ' 'uiube near Almas, a village east of Eszek in 



Havooia, which u h.i.lt j u right bank, after a course of nearly 



miles. Its fUaf subsidiary streams are the Oail, which joins the 



.Dv on the right bau* belov Villach; and Uw Muhr, or Murr, 



which issues from two lakes in the mountains of that name belonging 

 to the Noric Alps in the circle of Salzburg, and flows through 

 eastward to Judenburg, where it becomes navigable : it then passes 

 Bruck, and afterwards taking a southem course runs by Gr.it*. The 

 lost part of its course is more to the east : it meete the Drave on 

 its left bank at the market-town of Legrad, about 40 miles east of 

 Varaadin. 



6. The Sare, or Snu, springs from the east side of Mount Tcrglou, 

 at the western extremity of the Carinthion Alps, takes a south-easterly 

 course above Layboch to the centre of the boundary-line between 

 Styria and lllyrio, follows that lino to its south-eastern termination ; 

 then crosses the south of Austrian Croatia to the north-eastern con- 

 fines of Turkish Croatia, and during the remainder of a course of 

 about 440 miles runs along the frontier between the Military Frontier 

 province of Austria, Bosnia, and Servia, It empties itself into the 

 Danube between Scmliu and Belgrade, and becomes navigable above 

 Agram in Croatia. The largest streams which fall into it ore on ite 

 right bank, namely, the Unim, which crosses into the Military Frontier 

 province from Turkish Croatia above Novi, and forms the line of 

 frontier between the Austrian and Turkish territories to the spot near 

 Usciza, opposite Dubicza, where it joins the Save after a course of 

 about 130 miles; and the Kulpa which turning from a lake near 

 Mount Szagora in Illyria becomes partially navigable at Karlstedt, 

 and terminates a course of above 200 miles by joining the Save 

 between Sissek and Petrinja. 



7. The Waag, formed of the AVhite Waag, which issues from the 

 Qreen Sea, in the northern circle of Liptau in Hungary, and of the 

 Block Waag, which springs from the celebrated Mount Kravola-Hola, 

 flows from their junction, cast of Sz Miklos, changes from a south- 

 westerly to a south-easterly direction at Neustodt, and completes ite 

 course of 270 miles by traversing extensive plains until it empties 

 itself into the Danube at Komoni. North of that fortress the Waag 

 receives the Neutra, which flows 110 miles from ite source in the 

 Ore Mountains between Treutsin and NeusohL 



8. The Gran, whose source lies in the Ramaa Mountains, on the 

 upper plateau of the Hungarian Ore Mountains, skirt* thu south. i iy 

 feet of the Liptau range until it reaches Neusohl, from which it winds 

 to the south and traverses a long series of plains to its junction with 

 the Danube at Parkany, opposite the town of Gmn. lie length is 

 stated to be 161 miles. The-Eypel, or Ipoli, likewise falls into the 

 Danube somewhat below Gran; it has ite source in the Ohirosky 

 Mountains north-east of Sagh. 



9. The Lrit/ta rises in the Shimmering south of the Wiener- Wald, 

 in the Lower Ens, runs north-east into the Hungarian circle of Wiesel- 

 burg, and then flows south-east into an arm of the Danube near 

 Ungarisch Altenburg, above the town of Wieselburg, after a course of 

 about 80 miles. 



10. The Raab rises on Mount Rechbcrg in Styria, takes a southern 

 bend into the western plains of Hungary, where it is navigable, and 

 then flows between swampy banks north-eastward to Raab, near 

 which it falls into the Danube. Its length is about 170 miles, and iU 

 average breadth 55 paces. 



11. The .SnnY; flows from the Bakouy Forest in the west of 

 Hungary, takes a south-easterly direction to Stuhl-weissenburg, frm 

 which town the Sarvitz Canal renders it navigable; it j..inH the 

 Danube on the right bank at liata, to the north-east of Funfkirchen. 



12. The 7'litift, or Ticza, which in the most considerable of the 

 streams tributary to the Danube, and is said to have a greater abun- 

 dance of fUh than any other river in I'.uropc, issues from three springs 

 on mounts Szcssul, Rusca, and Pictron, in the most north-easterly 

 part of the Transaylvanian range of the Carpathian chain. From 

 two of these springs flow the Black and White Theiss, which unite at 

 Hzigeth, whence the river takes a very tortuous course, chiefly how- 

 ever in a westerly direction, to Groat Siollos and Tokay, and thence 

 descends with numberless windings and bonlere<l in general by 

 marsh lauds through the extensive plains of central and southern 

 Hungary, keeping a line nearly parallel with the Danube until it 



into the Military-Fi mce, ami jnin* the Danube 



about 20 miles to the south-oast of Peterwanlein. The whole length 

 of the Theiss is estimated by Malcliu* and others at 740 miles. It 

 lias numerous large tributaries: the Bodmgh is composed of several 

 mountain streams from the Caparthians, and joinx tin- Tin-is* at 

 Tokay; the Hernath springs from the Kravola-Hola in Northern 

 Hungary, becomes navigable at Koschau, and after it has received the 

 Sajo (or Schajo) within a short distance from its mouth terminates a 

 course of upwards of 150 miles below Onod, about 28 miles to the 

 south-west of Tokay; the Zogyva, iu conjunction with the Tamo, 

 comes down from the Matra Mountains in the circle of Heves, and 

 f'. nning one stream meete the Thcias at Szolnok. The Saunos rises 

 on Mount Batra in the north-eastern angle of Tronssylvanio, and 

 receives the Leaner Szamos at Dees in Northern Transsylvania, after 

 the latter has descended from the western mountains of that princi- 

 pality past Klauscnburg ; from Dees the Szamos flows iu a north- 

 western 'lin.iion (" S/iithinar in Eastern Hungary, and thence 

 continues its course, which is above 300 miles in length, until it 

 reaches the Theiss at Oltsva, about 60 miles duo east of Tokay. The 

 Kocroesx or Kooroes is composed of several streams, particularly the 

 Rapid, White, and Black Kocroesz, which issuing from the Ore Moun- 



