731 



AUSTRIA. 



AUSTRIA. 



aid to poasew 1M distinct varieties. Carinthin, Styria, and Dalmatia 

 supply Try floe white marble. Alabaster U of common occurrence 

 in various Mrto, the finest being a product of the Salzburg and 

 Oalician Mountain* ; the serpentine, block tourmaline, and other 

 raluable substances of this class, are found both in the German and 

 Italian provinces. Gypsum is obtained in the Archduchy, Tyrol, and 

 Oalicia; considerable beds of graphite, or black-lead, of which only 

 one is worked, exist in the Lower Ens, and it is a product likewise 

 of Moravia, Hungary, and Transsylvania. The best slate in Austria 

 is found at Vishnyo, in Hungary. Excellent alumine and silex are 

 obtained for the manufacture of china and earthenware. The meer- 

 schaum, of which the highly-prized heads of tobacco-pipes are made, 

 is a product of Moravia and Hungary. 



Every part of the Austrian dominions abounds in mineral waters, 

 and it is said that 1500 distinct springs may be enumerated ; several 

 are celebrated, but none enjoy so universal a repute as the waters of 

 Carlsbad, Bilin, Sedlitz, Seidachiitz, Toplitz, and Eger in Bohemia; 

 Oarlabnmn in Silesia ; Cylly in Styria ; Bartfeldt and Fu ret in 

 Hungary ; Baden in the Archduchy of Austria ; Dorna-Handreni in 

 the Buckowine ; Krynitza in Galicia ; Wildbad in Salzburg ; Rabi 

 and Pejo in western Tyrol ; the warm springs of Abbano, Battaglia, 

 and other spots along the Euganean declivities in the Venetian terri- 

 tory ; and the acidulous waters, which flow near Lessina in Illyria ; 

 these however are but a small number of the mineral sources 

 which form so marked a characteristic of the Austrian soil. Many of 

 them have become articles of consumption in foreign climes. 



The principal seat of the linen manufacture, or rather of those 

 productions in which flax and hemp are employed, is Bohemia, 

 Moravia, and Silesia, which furnish the finest articles of this description 

 in Austria, For variety and goodness of manufacture, the states of 

 Lombardy and Venice deserved to be classed in the next rank to 

 those three provinces. The Tyrol, Hungary, Oalicia, and Transsyl- 

 vania produce scarcely any but the middling and coarser species of 

 linen ; nor is there much beyond what is termed house-linen made 

 in the Archduchy, Illyria, or the Military Frontier districts. 



The largest manufactures of woollens, both cloth and other kinds, 

 are established in Moravia and Bohemia. In the other parts of the 

 empire where this branch of industry is carried on to a much less 

 extent, the principal articles manufactured are of middling and coarse 

 quality. Considerable quantities of the Bohemian fabric are exported. 



The silk manufactures have very greatly extended in Austria since 

 the introduction of Jacquard's machinery. They are principally 

 carried on in the province of the Lower Ens, at Vienna, and in the 

 Milanese and Venetian territories. In the Tyrol also, particularly at 

 Roveredo, the silk manufactures are of considerable importance. 

 The cotton manufacture is not very flourishing. In 1848 the total 

 number of persons employed in cotton spinning was 32,349. 



The province of the Lower Ens takes the lead in the manufacture 

 of leather, of which the best qualities are made in Vienna. The 

 Upper Ens, Moravia, Styria, Bohemia, and the Tyrol rank next in 

 importance. Hungary abounds in tanneries ; and in fact nearly every 

 province in Austria is engaged more or less in this branch, though 

 its produce U still inadequate to the demand. 



In a former page we gave some details respecting the raw iron 

 raised in various parts of the empire. The article in a cast state 

 is principally supplied by Bohemia, where there are about 80 iron 

 works ; Styria, where the government possesses works near Mariazell, 

 in which iron cannon are cast ; Hungary, Illyria, and the Buckowine. 

 Iron and steel in bars and sheets, both rolled and hammered, are 

 produced in largest quantities in the Lower Ens, and of remarkably 

 floe quality. Styria, Carinthia, and Bohemia are also considerable 

 manufacturers of the article ; and here and there an iron-work may 

 be met with in Moravia, the Upper Ens, and at Milan, Treviso, and 

 Dongo, in the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice. Iron and steel 

 wire are made in most provinces, but more particularly in the Arch- 

 duchy. Manufactories of nails are numerous; the best are made 

 in Styria, Carinthia, the Archduchy, and Bohemia. Of the manu- 

 facture of arms it will almost be sufficient to nay it is so abundant 

 that many works are thrown out of employ in time of peace. The 

 crown-works for the supply of swords and muskets are principally 

 situated in Vienna, at Murzsteig in Styru, and Hradeck in Hungary. 



The manufacture of copper both in sheets and other forms is most 

 extensively carried on at the crown-works near Cslikowa, in (),. 

 Hungarian Banat, and two other large works in Hungary; in 

 Bohemia, the Archduchy, Styria, and the Tyrol. That of brass and 

 brass-ware is principally established on the same spot*. Achenrain 

 in Hungary has a cannon foundry, and that kingdom abounds in 

 button manufactories. Tin is the produce of Bohemia only; and 

 lead U raised or most extensively made into sheets and other 

 customary forms and articles in Vienna, and in the province* of 

 Carinthia, Hungary, Oalicia, and Transsylvania. The principal 

 manufactories of balls and shot are in Vienna and Chioggia, and in 

 the province of Carinthia. In the manipulation of gold and silver 

 10 manufacturer, in Austria excel those of Vienna, Prague, Perth, 

 Milan, ami Venice. 



Among the other productions of this monarchy we may notice that 

 tobacco urn monopoly engrowwd by the department of finance. Of 

 eed-oil, though the produce U very considerable in all quarters, 



enough is not manufactured for the consumption. Large quantities 

 of olive-oil also are obtained from the territories of Lombard. 

 Venice, particularly the neighbourhood of the Lugo di Oarda, Illyria, 

 and Dalmatia, The manufacture of paper employs a large nun, 

 mills, chiefly in Bohemia, Lombardy, and Venice. Glass is also 

 manufactured largely, particularly in Bohemia, the products of which 

 are considered equal to the finest made in any other country. It is 

 estimated that in nil upwards of 2,500,000 persons are employed in 

 manufactures throughout the Austrian empire, and that the yearly 

 value of their productions is equal to upwards of 140 millions 

 sterling. 



With respect to external trade, no country of equal extent is 

 perhaps more disadvantageous!}- situated ; ite line of sea-coast is 

 comparatively inconsiderable ; and with the solitary exceptions of the 

 Po and Adige, its finest streams, such for instance as the Danube 

 and Elbe, lie even when crossing its frontiers nt a considerable 

 distance from the sea. Another great disadvantage was the customs' 

 boundaries established between the several provinces ; but this latter 

 evil was entirely abolished in 1850. The maritime commerce, cor 

 principally to the Mediterranean, centres in the ports of the Adriatic. 

 The most active of these ports are Venice and Triest, which have 

 been declared free ports as well as Fiume, the channel of export 

 for the growth and manufacture of Hungary. Besides these Illyria 

 has some trade in the harbours of Rovigno, Capo d'Istria, and 

 Pola ; the Venetian territories in those of Malamocco, Brondolo, and 

 Chioggia ; and Dalmatia in those of Ragusa, Cattaro, Zara, Sebenico, 

 Spalatro, &c. 



NUMBER OF VESSELS ENTERED AT AUSTRIAN PORTS in 1847. 



The trade by land or river is most active with reference to Turkey 

 and the German States, but less so with Poland, Russia, Prussia, 

 and Italy. The internal trade we mean that between one part of 

 the empire and another is of a far more active description, and 

 the exchange of their varied productions and manufactures is greatly 

 facilitated by the abundance of navigable rivers, and in most parts 

 by good roads. 



Among the articles of which the importation is prohibited are 

 wines, salt, all woven, knit, and worked manufactures, spurious 

 metals, and certain drugs. The export of ashes, raw flax and 

 hemp, with the roots attached to them, and of unwrought gold and 

 silver, is prohibited. 



In the beginning of this article we spoke of the present population 

 of the Austrian empire. We may here briefly indicate the increase 

 of the population during the last 100 years. At the decease of the 

 emperor Charles VI., in 1740, the possessions of the house of Austria 

 had a population of 17,493,000; in 1803 after the new settle- 

 ment of the German states, in which Austria was indemnified fur 

 preceding losses, the number of its inhabitants was 25,548,00(1 ; in 

 1806 it was reduced under the treaty of Presburg to 23,067,892 ; and 

 ajraiii in 1807 under that of Vienna, to 20,695,883. Upon the down- 

 full of Napoleon the restitutions and cessions of 1815 enlarged the 

 dominions of Austria beyond all fonner limits : in 1818 therefore we 

 find them inhabited by 28,413,482 individuals ; in 1831 they h.,.I 

 increased to '(3,630,381, and as already stated the population in 

 1850-1 was 36,514,466. 



The great mass of the Austrian population is composed of six 

 distinct races distinct as much by descent, features, and bodily 

 conformation, as in character, language, manners, and usages. Of 

 these by far the larger proportion, 15,282,196 (according to the 

 enumeration of 1846) is of Slavonic extraction. Of this race are the 

 Wenden, or Vandals, in Illyria and the eastern parts of Styria; the 

 Slawaks and Hinzes settled in those districts of the Archduchy which 

 upon Hungary, and in certain circles in the latter kingdom ; 

 the Cheches, that is, aboriginal Bohemians, of Bohemia and parts of 

 Moravia; the Hanaks, Slawaks, and Podcnlaks of Austrian Silesia 

 and Moravia ; the Poles (of two distinct classes, the Mazuraks and 

 Oorals), and Kussniaks, or Russians of Oalicia and the mountain 

 confines of Hungary and Transsylvania ; and the Morlaks and Mon- 

 tenegrines of Dalmatia, the Military Frontier districts, &c. The second 

 race in numerical importance, and perhaps the first in point of intel- 

 ligence and usefulness is of German descent : their numbers arc 

 estimated at 7,917,195 ; they form an integral part of the population 

 in the Archduchy, Styria, Carinthia, the Tyrol, Moravia, and Bohemia, 

 but constitute separate communities in Hungary, where their numbers 

 are about 1,000,000; in Transsylvania where they are denominated 

 Saxons, and have increased to about 260,000 ; in Galicia where there 

 are about 100,000 individuals ; in the Military Frontier districts, on 



