733 



AUSTRIA. 



AUSTRIA. 



731 



the Kulpa in Cnrniola, and in the Venetian territories around Asiago, 

 where they have lived isolated for centuries under the name of the 

 Sette and Tredici Communi. The third race are the Magyars who 

 migrated from the Kuma and settled around the banks of the Danube 

 and Theiss in the 9th century ; they are esteemed to be of pure 

 Asiatic extraction akin to the Tartar and Turk, and are a fine and 

 intelligent class of men; they are above 5,000,000 in number, form 

 the majority of the population of Hungary and Transsylvania, and 

 are or were before the late revolution possessed of the finest lands in 

 both countries. In the population returns the Magyars are included 

 with the ' Jews, Armenians, &c.' under ( Asiatic Races,' the total 

 number of which is given as 6,279,608. The Italians compose the 

 fourth race to the extent of about 5,000,000 ; they constitute nearly 

 the entire population of Lombardy and Venice, inhabit a considerable 

 portion of the south of the Tyrol and the government of Triest, and 

 are scattered throughout Dalmatia and other parts of Austria. The 

 fifth race are the Valaks, Dako-Valaks, or as they term themselves 

 Rumani, a medley of ancient Thracians, Romans, and Slavonians, in 

 number about 2,000,000, whose language is evidently a corrupted 

 dialect of the Latin ; recent investigations indeed have proved their 

 Roman descent, as well as that they colonised Dacia at an early 

 period, and were afterwards allowed to recross the Danube in the 

 reign of Aurelian : this ill-treated race of men are chiefly found in 

 Transsylvania, Hungary, and the Buckowine. They are included 

 with the Italians in the official abstract of the population under 

 "Romans (in tne most enlarged sense)" who are numbered as 

 8,104,756. The Jews to the extent of about 730,000 form the sixth 

 race : nearly one-half of them are settled in Galicia, and about 

 160,000 in Hungary; the remainder are dispersed over Bohemia, 

 Moravia, and other parts of Austria. There are also about 200,000 

 of Zigeuner, or gipsies, of whom upwards of 100,000 are conjectured 

 to exist as a wandering people in Hungary, Galicia, the Buckowine, 

 and other provinces ; Arnauts, Greeks, Armenians, French, &c. 



The established religion of Austria being the Roman Catholic, it 

 will be inferred that it is the religion of the majority of its inhabit- 

 ants; and this inference will be corroborated by the enumeration 

 made in 1850-1. 



Roman Catholics and Greeks received into union with them, 

 30,052,068 ; Greeks not in union, 3,161,805 ; Protestants of the 

 Lutheran and other denominations, 3,458,564 ; Jews, 729,000. 



Government, Laws, Finance, ii'c. The several principalities or 

 provinces which we have already enumerated as forming the Austrian 

 empire, are united under a hereditary monarchy, the head of which 

 assumed the title of Emperor of Austria, King of Jerusalem, Hungary, 

 &c., on the llth of August, 1^04 ; and by a solemn act on the 6th of 

 August, 1806, in which he renounced the style of Emperor of 

 Germany, determined the title and armorial bearings which the 

 emperors of Austria should thereafter use. The prefix of Apostolic 

 Majesty has been borne by the Austrian sovereigns since the year 

 1758. In his character of sovereign of certain states in Germany he 

 is one of the six leading members of the German confederation. As 

 Emperor of Austria he enjoys every right and prerogative attached 

 to sovereignty, whether legislative, judicial, or executive, for since 

 the suppression of the revolution of 1848 he has been virtually 

 absolute. The provincial assemblies of the provinces wherever re- 

 tained are little more than nominal. 



The Receipttfor the >ix months ending April 30, 1851, icerc 



Direct taxes 3,216,563 



Indirect , 5,115,550 



Property of the slate . 374,355 



Surplus from sinking fund 520,731 



Various 277,400 



Ordinary Receipts 

 Extraordinary '. 



9,504,590 

 934,170 



Total 



Expenditure. 



Interest, repayments, &c. on debt 

 Emperor's household . . . 

 Council of ministry 

 Foreign affairs . 



Home affairs . . 



War . 



Financial department 



Justice 



Religion and public instruction . 

 Commerce, industry, and public worki 

 Agriculture and mines . 



10,438,769 



,852,153 



331,804 



0,092 



86.4G1 



,117,150 



,010,119 

 981,203 

 763,248 

 170,458 



,581,105 

 1,19,130 



Total expenditure for the six months ending April 30, 1851 . 14,638,973 



Of which were, Ordinary Expenses 9,437,748 



Extraordinary . . . . . . . 5,201,238 



The Ordinary Itcctipli far the year 1851 were 



Direct taxes 7,419,800 



Indirect 10,015,300 



Other receipts 2,240,900 



20,576,000 



The public debt amounted in 1852 to 114,376,9802. By a procla- 

 mation of May 15, 1852, the amount of paper money in circulation 

 is not to exceed 17,500,0002. The amount actually in circulation in 

 May, 1852, was 16,800,0002. 



The military resources of Austria are of two classes, the one the 

 peace and the other the war establishment. According to Hubner 

 the peace establishment consists of the following contingents, together 

 forming a total force of 405,519 soldiers : 



Hungarian . 

 Transsylvanian . 

 Military Frontiers . 



Lombardy and Venice 

 Of the Germanic provinces 



65,150 

 13,035 

 47,632 

 30,063 

 243,039 



The war establishment is very much larger. The entire army at 

 the end of June, 1848, amounted to 646,453 men and 80,255 horses. 



The Austrian navy is under the management of a naval commandant 

 at Venice, who is accountable to the council of war. It consists of 

 4 frigates mounting 182 guns, 6 sloops having 124 guns, 11 brigs 

 of 152 guns, and 6 schooners of 66 guns ; in all 27 vessels mounting 

 524 guns. The establishments attached to it are a corps of naval 

 artillery and engineers, a cadet academy, and a corps of marines. 

 The flag which is borne also by the merchant vessels is of a red 

 ground, with a broad white stripe in the centre. 



In the preceding column we have spoken of the Roman Catholic 

 as the established religion, and given the numbers of those who 

 adhere to that faith and the other leading creeds professed by the 

 people of Austria. With the exception of Hungary, Transsylvania, 

 and the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, there is no part of the 

 empire in which at least the letter of the law places the noncon- 

 formist upon anything like an equality of rights with the Catholic. 

 In the other provinces whether he be Protestant, Greek, Jew, or 

 Infidel, the nonconformist simply enjoys toleration. The Roman 

 Catholic Church of Austria acknowledges the Bishop of Rome as its 

 visible head, but is otherwise to a certain extent independent of him, 

 as all appeals to the Rota Romano are prohibited, and no papal bull 

 or decretal can be promulged without the previous sanction of the 

 sovereign. At the head of the hierarchy are the Patriarch of Venice 

 and the twelve archbishops of Vienna, Prague (primate of Bohemia), 

 Oliniitz, Milan (primate of Lombardy), Gran (primate of Hungary 

 and hereditary legate from the Roman see), Erlau and Kolocza (for 

 the states of Hungary), Lemberg, Spalatro, Ragusa, Salzburg, and 

 Udina (for the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice). The Armenians 

 united with the national church have also an archbishop at Lemberg. 

 Next to these its heads follow the sixty bishops, most of whom are 

 suffragans of the archbishops, to whose sees their dioceses are gene- 

 rally subordinate. The remainder of the secular clergy consists 

 of twelve titular bishops, the members of the diocesan chapters, 

 six heads of collegiate endowments, archpriests, deans, rural deans, 

 parish priests, local chaplains, co-operators, and vicars and beneficed 

 ministers. 



The United or Catholic Greek Church has one archbishop at Lem- 

 berg, and five bishops, namely, at Premszyl, Munkacs, Grosswardein, 

 Kreuz, and Blasendorf. The primitive Greek Church is under the 

 superintendence of its own archbishop who resides at Carlovitz, and 

 presides over the supreme court of appeal for the members of his 

 communion in that town ; he has ten bishops under him whose sees 

 are Arad, Pakraz, Ofen, Versez, Bacs, Transsylvania (residence at 

 Hermannstadt), the Buckowine (residence at Czernovitz), Dalmatia 

 (residence at Sebenico), Carlstadt, and Temesvar. 



The rights and liberties of the Protestant Church are founded on 

 the edict of toleration promulgated by the emperor Joseph in 1784, 

 confirmed by his successor Leopold II., and solemnly recognised by 

 the late emperor. This edict entitles the protestant to the full 

 and free enjoyment of his tenets and private religious practices 

 throughout the Austrian dominions; but no place of worship can 

 be opened unless the congregation be composed of 100 families at 

 the least. The members both of the Lutheran and Reformed- 

 Lutheran persuasion in the German and Qalician provinces are under 

 the jurisdiction of the joint-consistory in Vienna, to which the five 

 Lutheran superintendencies and the four superintendencies of the 

 Reformed Church are subordinate ; there are likewise four independent 

 superintendencies for each persuasion in Hungary, and one for the 

 Lutheran in Transsylvania. The Jews are mostly of the Talmud 

 sect ; the minority, of the Kariatish. 



As to education it is under the general superintendence of a 

 Minister of Religion and Public Instruction. A director is appointed 

 for every branch of instruction to every province and academical 

 district, and he is assisted by a pro-director in matters of external, 

 and by an exhortator in matters of religious discipline. In the 

 universities both are entrusted to their own magistracy. The lower 

 class of schools is subject to the inspection of the local clergy at 

 each spot, but that of whole districts is vested in the dean or vice- 

 dean appointed by the bishop : and the general superintendence and 

 conduct of all matters connected with education is in each province 

 carried on by its own local government. The annexed table will 

 supply a general view of the number, character, and distribution 

 of the schools and places of public education throughout the 

 empire in 1847 : 



