737 



AUSTRIA. 



AUVERGNE. 



738 



by the ambition of Prussia and Bavaria ; among their disastrous con- 

 sequences were the cession of Silesia to Prussia in 1742, and the loss 

 of Parma and other possessions in Italy in 1748. This princess had 

 the gratification however of seeing her husband crowned Emperor of 

 Germany, and was subsequently indemnified for her losses by the 

 acquisition of Galicia and Lodomeria, under the first treaty for the 

 partition of Poland in 1772. The Buckowine was also ceded to her 

 by the Turkish sultan six years afterwards. Francis II. lost the 

 Netherlands and Lombardy in 1797, in exchange for which the treaty 

 of Campo Formio gave him the Venetian territories. The subsequent 

 treaty of Luneville in 1801 did not much affect his dominions, but the 

 peace of Presburg in 1805 was purchased by the sacrifice of his pos- 

 sessions in Italy, Swabia, and the Tyrol, for which the acquisition of 

 Salzburg was but a poor indemnity ; and the treaty of Vienna, four 

 years afterwards, wrested from him in addition not only a considerable 

 portion of Galicia, which fell to Russia, but Carniola, Istria, Salzburg, 

 the lands called the ' Innviertel,' Venice, and other southern pro- 

 vinces. Full restitution was however made to him by the provisions 

 of the treaties of Paris in 1814, and of Vienna in the following year. 

 Francis declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria in 1804, and 

 laid down the dignity of Emperor of Germany and King of the Romans 

 two years afterwards. 



Respecting recent occurrences in the Austrian empire we can here 

 only speak very briefly. Soon after the French revolution of 1848, 

 revolutionary movements broke out in Lombardy and Venice, in 

 Hungary, and in Austria proper. At first they were everywhere suc- 

 cessful : the Austrian troops were expelled or retreated from Hungary 

 and from Italy, and Vienna was in the hands of the insurgents. 

 Hungary declared itself independent ; Venice united itself to Sar- 

 dinia ; and this vast empire appeared to be rapidly falling to pieces. 

 But the government, which for a time seemed paralysed, aroused 

 itself, and strenuous efforts were made to avert the threatened danger. 

 The emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his nephew Francis- 

 Joseph, the present emperor ; new ministers were appointed ; new 

 measures taken ; and the tide of fortune soon after turned. A liberal 

 constitution was proclaimed by the emperor in March, 1849, and his 

 German subjects were satisfied or silenced. The army in Italy being 

 largely reinforced, speedily succeeded under the command of Radctzky 

 ia regaining full possession of the country. In Hungary the struggle 

 was more protracted and bloody, and the emperor appealed for aid to 

 the Emperor of Russia. He obtained it ; and the Hungarians thus 

 overwhelmed by numbers, were compelled to submit. The struggle 

 was ended by the surrender of the Hungarian army, 25,000 strong, 

 under Gorgei, to the Russians oft August 13th, 1849 ; and before the 

 close of that year the Emperor of Austria was reinstated in all his 

 original power. The comparatively liberal constitution of March, 

 1849, given under the pressure of adversity, was totally revoked on 

 the 1st of January, 1852. The right* and immunities enjoyed by 

 Hungary as well as those of other provinces have been set aside ; the 

 ministers are declared responsible to the emperor alone, and the 

 emperor is now to all intents absolute. 



(Uebertichli-Tafeln lurStatistik der otterreichuchen Monarchic, Wien 

 1850 ; Almanack, de Gotha, 1850-53 ; Von Lichtenstern, Outlines of the 

 Staliitict of the A tutrian Empire, and Manual of the late.it Geography 

 of the Auttrian Empire ; Grafler's Manual; Hassel's Atutria; Stein's 

 Manual of Geography and Statiitiet ; Schutz's Geography ; Blumen- 

 bach, Kees, Ridler, Schnabel, Czornig, Turnbull, Thompson, Ac.) 

 AUSTRIA, ARCHDUCHY OF. [ENS, PROVINCES OP THE.] 

 AUTUN, a city in France, in the department of the Sa6ne-et-Loire, 

 is situated on the Arroux, a tributary of the Loire, 179 miles S.E. 

 from Paris, in 46 46' 51" N. lat, 4 17 47" E. long., and has a popu- 

 lation of 11,200. Autun is one of the most ancient cities in France, 

 having existed before the Roman conquest under Julius Ctcsar. It 

 was known under the name of Bibracte, and belonged to the JEdui, a 

 powerful people of Gaul. It was made a Roman colony under Augus- 

 tus, and called Augustodunum, of which the modern name Autun is 

 a corruption. The town was resorted to as a place of education by 

 all the young Gallic nobles. In the 3rd century it suffered much from 

 the ravages of war. Tetricus, an aspirant to sovereign power, besieged 

 Autun, and took it in spite of the vigorous resistance of the inhabit- 

 ants. From the effects of this severe blow the town was raised by the 

 ]iatronage of the emperor Constantius Chlorus and his son Constantino 

 the Great, in honour of whom it took the name of Flavia, from their 

 surname Flavius. In repairing the damage done to the city by Tetri- 

 cus, Constantino also restored the schools, over which he set the rhe- 

 torician Eumenius as principal. Upon the downfall of the Roman 

 power the town was burnt by Attila, king of the Huns, and it after- 

 wards came successively into the hands of the Burgundians and the 

 Franks. In 731 the Saracens burnt Autun, which has never recovered 

 its former eminence. 



The ancient town stood on the left bank of the Arroux, and at the 

 foot of three hills, called respectively, Mont-Dru, on which druidical 

 assemblies are said to have been held ; Mont-Jeu, from a temple ol 

 Jupiter upon it ; and Mont-Cenis. From the last-named of these 

 eminences, which has a lake on its summit, the town is well supplied 

 with water in every part. The circuit of the ancient walls may still 

 be traced. Their remains are of considerable extent ; they were built 

 with great solidity, of stones so well fitted and so nicely joined as to 

 ocoo. DIV. VOL. I. 



;ive the whole the appearance of solid rock. These walls were flanked 

 with a great number of towers, and are supposed by some to be of 

 earlier date than the Roman conquest. Of the ancient gates, supposed 

 ;o have been four in number, two remain the Porta Senonica, now 

 called Porte d' Arroux, from the river Arroux, close to which it stands, 

 and the Porta Lingonensis, now Porte St.-AudriS, close to the church 

 of St. -Andre 1 . The Porte d' Arroux is a kind of triumphal arch built 

 of stones, without cement, 55 feet high and 62 feet broad, having two 

 greater archways for carriages and two smaller ones for foot-passengers. 

 Above these is an entablature, which is surmounted by an open gal- 

 lery composed of arches resting on Corinthian pilasters : seven arches 

 yet remain of ten which formerly existed. The Porte St.-Andrd is 

 almost as well preserved, and very similar to the other. Two main 

 streets, flanked with footways, ran through the town, one from the 

 Porta Senonica to the Roman Gate, and the other from the Porta 

 Lingonensis to the Gate of the Druids. At the intersection of these 

 was the Martiale Forum, which retains some trace of its ancient desig- 

 nation in the name Marchau. A short distance south-east of the town 

 is a singular monument called Pierre-de-Couard. It is a pyramid 

 surmounted by a spherical mass, measuring 72 feet by 59 feet at 

 the base, and is about 65 feet high. It consists of a solid mass of 

 unhewn stones, joined by a very hard whitish cement. Some suppose 

 it to be the monument of some illustrious ^Eduan. It is in the midst 

 of a field in which many funeral urns have been found. On the eastern 

 side of the .ancient town are the ruins of a theatre, and traces of the 

 seats and arena of an amphitheatre. Not far from these, but outside 

 the ancient walls, is the site of the naumachia, a large basin or hollow 

 used for exhibiting the representation of a naval engagement, with 

 the remains of an aqueduct for conveying the water to it from the 

 hill of Mont-Jeu, on which there are three large ponds. There are 

 also the ruins of some temples both in this part and within the modern 

 town. A Roman bridge over the Tarenai (the Roman Taranis), which 

 runs into the Arroux near the Porte d' Arroux, still exists. This river 

 runs through the ancient Campus Martius of the ^Eduans, where they 

 held their assemblies. The name of Chaumar or Chamar is still given 

 to the spot, and near it there are considerable remains of a temple of 

 Janus. Many remains of antiquity, paintings, statues, medals, &c. 

 have been dug up. In the numismatic collection deposited in the 

 mayor's residence, there are nearly 3000 Roman coins. 



The modern town is built on the slope of a hill, and occupies only 

 part of the site of the ancient city. From the river a good prospect 

 of it can be obtained, as the houses rise in the form of an amphitheatre. 

 It is divided into three parts, the highest of which, called Le Chateau, 

 is considered to occupy the site of the ancient capitol. The gothic 

 cathedral dedicated to St. Lazare is much admired for the boldness of 

 its architecture, for its lofty spire, and for its carvings and sculptured 

 decorations. It was founded in the llth century. In front of it is a 

 square adorned with a handsome fountain. The second quarter, called 

 La Ville, ' the city,' contains the principal square, which is surrounded 

 by good houses, and being planted with trees furnishes the citizens 

 with a promenade close at hand. The third quarter, the Marchau, 

 already noticed, has low ill-built houses and narrow streets. There 

 are two bridges over the Arroux. The collegiate church of Nolre- 

 Dame, wfcich was founded by the chancellor Rollin and his wife in 

 1444, possesses a painting on wood by Peter of Bruges, which is much 

 admired by connoisseurs. The abbey of St. -Martin, founded by Brune- 

 haut, queen of Austrasia, that of St.-Jean-le-Grand, and that of St.- 

 Andoche, were of considerable magnificence. Brunehaut was buried 

 in the abbey-church of St.-Martin, in A.D. 614 : her tomb, which was 

 a rema-kable structure, was demolished during the outbreaks of the 

 first French revolution ; fragments of it are still preserved in collec- 

 tions in the town. Two hospitals and two seminaries for the instruc- 

 tion of ecclesiastics are among the establishments at Autun. It 

 remains to mention the bishop's palace, which suffered greatly at the 

 revolution, but has been since restored ; the grand seminary, which 

 is surrounded by gardens laid out by Leuotre ; the college, in which 

 is deposited the public library ; and the town-hall. 



There are here three libraries ; a collection of pictures, statues, and 

 medals ; an agricultural society ; baths ; a theatre ; and tribunals of 

 commerce and of first instance. The trade of the town consists in 

 horses, cattle, wood, and hemp. Serge, carpets, paper, pottery, cotton- 

 velvet, cloth for regimentals, hosiery, and leather are among its manu- 

 factures. To the cast of the town are several mills. The district 

 round the city contains green porphyry and gray granite. There are 

 also iron and lead-mines near the town. 



The bishopric of Autun was founded at the commencement of the 4th 

 century ; its prelates had secular jurisdiction over part of the city of 

 Autun. At present the diocese comprehends the department of Saone- 

 et-Loire. Talleyrand was bishop of this see when the first French 

 revolution broke out. 



AUVERGNE, a province of Central France, which now forms the 

 departments of CANTAI, and PUY-DE-D6ME, and the arrondissement of 

 Brioude in Haute-Loire. [LOIRE, HAUTE.] 



The Geology of this province is peculiar. A large portion of Central 

 France is formed of gneiss, mica-slate, and other of the inferior stratified 

 rocks, associated with granite. Whether any part of the granite has or 

 has not been protruded through the gneiss and mica-slate since their 

 consolidation, is not apparent ; but as it seems occasionally to pass into 



3 B 



