BADEN. 



BADEN. 



810 



heat of summer, and from this into the depth of winter. The exposed 

 parts of the Black Forest can scarcely be brought to produce oatg or 

 potatoes ; the cherry does not ripea before the month of September. 



Products. Agriculture, which is in a very improved condition, is 

 the chief occupation of its inhabitants, and yields a surplus of produce 

 for which Switzerland and France afford a ready market. About 

 1,500,000 acres of the surface are under tillage. The principal corn 

 crops are spelt, rye, wheat, maize, of which the aggregate annual pro- 

 duce exceeds two millions of quarters ; potatoes, beet-root, carrots, 

 turnips, and other bulbous roots, to the amount of 750,000 quarters 

 annually ; hemp and flax, about 54,000 cwt. ; hops, 10,000 cwt. ; tobacco, 

 90,000 cwt. : barley, oats, beans, and oil-seeds are also extensively 

 mown. !' tin. 1 i:oni <T"i>s uljuvi' enumerated there is :i large surplus 

 for exportation. Grazing of cattle is carefully attended to, and the 

 number reared exceeds the wants of the population ; the surplus are 

 driven to France and Switzerland. Sheep-farming is not much followed ; 

 goata and swine are numerous ; homes are of inferior breed. The 

 meadow-lands and pastures form more than a sixth part of the area 

 of the l!*den dominions. The meadows are irrigated from the moun- 

 tain-streams, and yield luxuriant crops of clover and grass ; green 

 maize in also extensively grown for feeding cattle and horses. Besides 

 the ordinary kinds of fruits, which are extensively raised, and of all 

 varieties, filberts and chestnuts are very abundant. Cider and perry 

 are very generally made. The average annual produce of the vine- 

 yards, which chiefly occupy the high lands skirting the valleys of the 

 Uhine and Main and Lake Constauz, is estimated at 1 4,000,000 gallons. 

 The best Baden wines are those of Durbach, Ortenau, Miihlheim, and 

 Wertheim ; but generally the Baden wines are only of medium quality, 

 and are chiefly used for home consumption. 



Timber abounds, more particularly in the Black Forest and the cen- 

 tral and upper parts of Baden. The varieties consist principally of 

 the fir, pine, oak, beech, birch, alder, aspen, and ash. Masts 150 feet 

 in length, and fine oak timber are floated down the Rhine in rafts. 

 In several quarters honey and wax are obtained ; and in all, poultry 

 and domestic animals are found in abundance. The wild boar, stag, 

 roc, fallow-deer, fox, badger, marten, otter, and wolf (the latter being 

 seen occasionally in the islands of the Rhine), the vulture, eagle, falcon, 

 hawk, kite, and owl, are the principal wild aniin ils. Most of the 

 lakes and rivers (the Neckar being a peculiar exception) abound in fish ; 

 trout, sometimes 50 Ibs. in weight, are caught in the Lake of Constanz; 

 and carp, weighing at times 40 Ibs., in the Rhine. The Lake of Con- 

 stanz, as well as Lake Mcickinger and the Danube, contain the sturgeon. 



Metal and Mi/Kraft. Among the mineral productions are the 

 garnet, crystal, jasper, chalcedony, and onyx; marble, alabaster, 

 gypsum, chalk, porcelain-earth, and potters' -clay. Silver, copper, and 

 lead are found along the valley of the Kinzig and Munster, and in the 

 neighbourhood of Pforzheim. From 2000 to 2500 tons of iron are 

 annually obtained from the mines at Stockach, Kandern, the Black 

 Forest, Hauenstein, Ac. Coal is found near Offenburg. Inconsiderable 

 quantities of cobalt, manganese, zinc, sulphur, alum, vitriol, and bis- 

 muth are likewise raised. Salt until of late years was not a native 

 product; but it is now obtained in such abundant quantities from the 

 government salt-works at Diirrheim in the higher regions of the Black 

 ' , and at Kappenau, near Mosbach, as to supply a large surplus 

 for exportation. 



The grand-duchy is rich in mineral waters ; the warm springs of 

 Baden-Baden, at the north-western foot of the Schwarzwald, impreg- 

 nated with sulphur, salt, and alum, have acquired great celebrity ; a 

 spring of nearly the same quality exists in Badenweiler ; acidulous 

 waters are found at Griesbach, Antogast, Petersthal, and Rippolstau ; 

 and sulphur-springs and baths at Salzbach, Langenbriicken, and other 

 places. 



Religion. The inhabitants, with the exception of several families, 

 ndants of French Huguenots and Jews, are of pure German 

 extraction. For the purposes of ecclesiastical government, the country 

 i divided into 64 Catholic and 30 Protestant deaneries. The head of 

 the Catholic Church of Baden is the archbishop of Freiburg, whose 

 jurisdiction also extends over the principalities of Hohenzollern, and 

 within whose province are included the bishoprics of Freiburg, Mainz 

 (Hesse-Darmstadt), Fulda (Hesse-Cassel), Rottenburg (Wurtemberg), 

 and Limburg (Nassau). The diocese of Freiburg comprehends the 

 whole grand-duchy. Every individual, whatever his creed may be, 

 possesses equal civil rights ; but only those who believe in the 

 doctrine of the Trinity are admitted to public office. 



/-.'/iirrttion. A training school for Catholic teachers is established at 

 Rastadt, and another for Protestant teachers at Karlsruhe. Besides 

 i il or elementary schools, and schools of industry for the lower 

 classes in most towns and villages, there are numerous gymnasia, 

 lyceums. grammar schools, and other educational institutions of a 

 superior class. There are two universities, one at Heidelberg (founded 

 in 1386), which is now more particularly designed for Protestants, and 

 one at Freiburg (founded in 1460) for Catholics. The Catholic theo- 

 logical seminary is at Freiburg, the Protestant at Karlsruhe. There 

 are asylums for deaf-mutes at Karlsruhe and Pforzheim, and a blind 

 asylum at Bruchsal. The chief establishments for the superior educa- 

 tion of females are those in the convents at Baden, Freiburg, Otters- 

 woyer, and Rastadt, under the special superintendence of the public 

 authorities ; there are others at Mannheim, Karlsruhe, and Heidelberg. 



The principal libraries are those of Freiburg (above 100,000 volumes), 

 Heidelberg (70,000), Karlsruhe (75,000), Mannheim (70,000), and 

 Donaueschingeu (30, 000). 



Manufactures. Pforzheim, Karlsruhe, and Mannheim are the chief 

 industrial centres ; but manufactures are by no means confined to 

 these. The most important products are linen, broadcloth, ribands, 

 and cotton stuffs. A small quantity of iron is made chiefly at the 

 government works at Albbnigg. Arms, iron-wire and utensils, copper- 

 ware, nails, leather, beet-root sugar, earthenware, and glass, are made 

 at various places. The region of the Black Forest has been long cele- 

 brated, not only for the production of wooden ware but of wooden 

 and brass clocks. The paper-mills are about 30 in number. Tobacco, 

 potashes, white-lead, smalts, glass, and earthenware form leading items 

 in the enumeration of the products of Baden industry. River barges 

 are built in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg. 



Trade. The position of the country on the Rhine, Main, Neckar, 

 and other streams, and the access which these give it to Switzerland, 

 France, and Germany, have rendered Baden a country of extensive 

 transit trade, and have secured to it outlets for its own productions. 

 The common roads are good. One of them called the Jiergstrasse is 

 celebrated ; it runs nearly parallel to the Rhine, and separates the hilly 

 from the level country : it was originally constructed by the Romans. 

 The Bergstrasse was formerly and indeed is still of great importance 

 as a military road. The imports of Baden, which as well as its exports 

 exceed one million sterling each per annum, consist of French and 

 other wines, colonial produce, drugs and dyes, iron, steel, cottons, 

 silks, fine woollens, horses, cattle, &c. ; and its exports of timber, 

 grain, meal, oil, skins and hides, wine, hemp, linen, tobacco, iron 

 wares, jewellery, fish, &c. About a dozen steam-boats ply regularly 

 on the Lake of Constanz between Baden, Switzerland, Wurtemberg, 

 Bavaria, and the Voralberg ; steamers ply also on the Rhine, the 

 Main, and the Neckar. The trading facilities of the grand-duchy 

 have been greatly increased by the introduction of railways. A trunk 

 line runs all through the territory of Baden along the right bank of 

 the Rhine ; it commences on the right bank of the river opposite 

 Basel, and runs through Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Heidelberg. The 

 whole length of this line is above 160 miles. Short branches are 

 thrown out towards the Rhine to Kehl, opposite Strasburg, and 

 Mannheim, to meet the terminations of the bifurcation of the great 

 French eastern line from Paris through Nancy to the Rhine. There 

 is a branch also to Baden-Baden. Northward from Heidelberg the 

 Baden line is connected by railways with Frankfurt and North and 

 Central Germany, and a line in course of construction eastward from 

 Bruchsal will join the trunk-line with the Wurtemberg railway 

 at Ludwigsburg. Baden has belonged to the German Zollverein since 

 1835, since which time the transit trade facilitated by free ports on 

 the Lake of Constanz and on the Rhine has greatly increased. The 

 duty of the Zollverein through the custom-houses of Baden amounted 

 to 721,105 and 695,975 thalers respectively in 1850 and 1851. 



Government. The executive and judicial powers in Baden are vested 

 in the Grand Duke and a Ministry of State ; the legislative powers are 

 shared by him with an Upper and a Lower Chamber. The charter of 

 the 22nd of August, 1818, fixes the right of succession in the heirs 

 male of the reigning family who are of the Protestant faith, and in 

 default of them transfers it to the male descendants of the female 

 line : the charter also establishes equality of civil rights, renders 

 every public servant responsible for the due observance of its enact- 

 ments, abolishes all exemptions from taxation, declares every male 

 liable to the military conscription, and places the judicial tribunals 

 on an independent footing ; it secures full liberty of conscience and 

 private worship, and a community of political rights to the pro- 

 fessors of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed faiths. 

 The members of the Upper Chamber are the princes of grand- 

 ducal blood ; the heads of six seignorial families whose pos- 

 sessions lie cither wholly or in part within the borders of the 

 grand-duchy; the Catholic archbishop of Freiburg; a prelate of 

 the Protestant church ; 16 representatives of the territorial nobility, 

 provided they have an unincumbered estate of the value of 30,000. at 

 the least ; one representative for each of the two universities ; and 

 certain members chosen by the Grand Duke, without regard to birth 

 or rank, but not exceeding 8. The Lower House consists of 64 

 representatives of districts and towns, chosen for eight years, and 

 elected by all male individuals without distinction, who are not 

 representatives or represented in the Upper House, who have attained 

 their twenty-fifth year, and are settled in some electoral district, or 

 fill a public office. One-fourth of the members of the Lower House 

 is renewed every second year, and the whole of them must be either 

 of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed persuasion. Both 

 houses join in the election of a permanent committee, which is com- 

 posed of the president of the Upper House, three members of the 

 Upper and six of the Lower House. The right of proposing laws 

 belongs exclusively to the Grand Duke. No tax can be levied with- 

 out consent of the legislature, and the supplies are voted for two years 

 consecutively. In case of a collision between the two Houses they 

 form themselves into a single body, and the question is decided by 

 the majority of Votes. Every circle has its own provincial govern- 

 ment ; and the subdivisions of the circles have each its own local 

 functionaries, to whom are referred all affair.! connected with the 



