811 





B.ETICA. 



sis 



regular administration of justice. Th tribunal of first instance is the 

 Hof-Gericht, or Aulio Council, of which there U one in each circle ; 

 nd appeal* from it go before the superior Aulic Council, which situ 

 at Mannheim, and in the highest tribunnl in the country. 



In the revolutionary movements which took place in Germany after 

 the establishment of a republic in France in 1848 the territory of Baden 

 wan the resort of many of the extreme republicans. A large portion 

 of the inhabitants joined the attempts of Hecker and Struve to esta- 

 blish a republic, lu the following year the insurrection became more 

 serious, the troops made common cause with the people, the Grand 

 Duke fled to Frankfurt, and a National Committee was appointed which 

 dissolved the chambers and convoked a Constituent Assembly. To 

 put an end to this state of things three Prussian army corps, after 

 having delivered the Palatinate from the sway of the republicans, 

 entered Baden (June 15, 1849) under Generals Peukcr and Groben 

 and the Prince of Prussia, and swept over the whole territory 

 of the grand-duchy, defeating the insurgent troops (which now 

 numbered 15,000 men and were commanded by Mieroslawski, a Polish 

 military adventurer) in several engagements, and finally driving them 

 into the Swiss territory. Rastadt, a fortress of the German Confede- 

 ration, the garrison of which joined the insurrection (May 10, 1849), 

 surrendered to the Prussians (July 23) after nearly a month's siege ; 

 and on the 1 8th of the following month the Grand Duke WOB restored to 

 his states, and accompanied by the Prince of Prussia entered Karlsruhe. 



The grand-duchy is one of the 36 states which compose the Ger- 

 man Confederation ; it holds the seventh rank in the list of confede- 

 rates, and is entitled to an entire vote ill the minor diet and to three 

 votes in the major. The contingent which Baden is bound to furnish 

 for the army of the Confederation amounts to 10,000 men. 



Finance. The budget adopted by the legislature for 1852 and 1858 

 estimates the gross receipts of the two years together at 29,138,155 

 florins, of which 9,601,658 florins are swallowed up by the expenses 

 of administration, leaving 19,536,497 florins to meet the expenditure 

 of the two years, which is estimated at 19,545,723 florins, exclusive 

 of 2,213,267 florins voted for extraordinary expenses. Besides the 

 general budget there is a particular one relating to the administration 

 of the post-office, the railroads, and the baths. In this particular 

 account the total receipts for the two years are estimated at 10,089,738 

 florins and the expenditure at 7,500,579 florins, leaving a surplus large 

 enough to cover the extraordinary expenses which ore defrayed from 

 this source according tb the law of March 26, 1852. In the month of 

 January, 1852, the general public debt amounted to 28,284,316 florins 

 and 32,609,791 florins borrowed for the construction of railroads. 

 The army consists of two brigades of infantry, three regiments of 

 cavalry, and one of artillery, the whole numbering 15,000 men. The 

 financial resources of Baden are of three descriptions : direct, from an 

 impost on property ; indirect, from excise duties, customs, highway 

 rates, Ac. ; and variable, from the produce of grand-ducal revenues, 

 such as those derived from the salt-works, post-office, mines and 

 forges, forests, railways, Ac. 



BADEN, a town in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, on the 

 left bank of the river Limmat, 13 miles N. W. of Zurich : population 

 about 2000. It is a small and dull place, surrounded by walls. The 

 castle, which was built on a steep hill, has remained in ruins ever 

 ainee 1710, when it surrendered after a siege to the forces of the 

 Catholic cantons in the war between them and the Protestant cantons. 

 The warm sulphurous springs, which constitute the principal attrac- 

 tion of the place, are on both sides of the Limmat, half a mile below 

 the town, and are much frequented in summer. A village has arisen 

 round these springs which is nearly as large as the town itself, and 

 much more lively and handsome : it contains half a dozen large hotels 

 bonds* smaller ones, having each its private baths, an ordinary, and 

 every accommodation for visitors. The numerous company that in 

 found here in the summer months is drawn from every part of Switz- 

 erland, bat chiefly from Zurich, the citizens of which town consider 

 Baden M their regular watering-place. There are two Urge common 

 baths to which the poor have access gratia. There are several springs 

 issuing from the ground ; the hottest is 117'5" Fahrenheit The water 

 contains carbonic gas, marine salt, glauber salt, carbonate of lime, and 

 magnesia ; it is clear and has a alight smell of sulphur, and is used 

 for drinking as well as for bathing. The country round Baden is 

 hilly and the lower heights are covered with vines, but the wine made 

 here is poor. These bath* were known to the Romans by the name 

 of Thermic Helvetica, and are probably alluded to by Tacitus ('Hint' 

 i. 67). The Swiss Diet used to meet at Baden until 1712, when the 

 meeting* were transferred to Prauenfeld, in Thurgou. 



BADEN) a town in the province of the Lower Ens in the Arch- 

 duchy of Austria, ia situated on the Sohwachat at the northern base of 

 the Styrian Alps, 144 miles by railway S. from Vienna, and has a fixed 

 population of about 5000. Baden Is the ' Thermo Cetuc,' or ' Aus- 

 tiiacK,' of the Romano, It was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 

 the year 1812, but has gained much in architectural beauty by the 

 calamity. None of iU older structures are left but the fine old gothio 

 church. Among the modern edifices are the church of 8t Augustine ; 

 the ' Woillmrg, 1 a handsome imperial residence ; the town-hall and 

 theatre; the 'Sauerhof,' a vast bathing establishment ; several 

 baths; a military hospital for the reception of 60 officers and 300 

 privates; the ' Maria-Zdl r It of, 1 purchased and endowed by the emperor 



Francis I., for the maintenance of 90 indigent sick persons ; the hos- 

 pital of the Virgin, built in 1815 by a society of ladies of rank in 

 Vienna, fur 60 invalids; a refuge for 6 men and women, founded by 

 the townsmen themselves ; and a multitude of establishments for tin- 

 convenience of visitor*. It in frequented by the fashionable people 

 of the Austrian metropolis to the number of between 12,000 and 

 15,000 every season. The waters are sulphurous, and flow from eleven 

 springs into fifteen reservoirs or baths at the rate of 80,640 cubic feet 

 every twenty-four hours. Several of the baths are very splendidly 

 fitted up and very largo, being wliat are colled ' society baths,' in 

 which ladies and gentlemen nttired in ample dressing-gowns l>athe 

 together sometimes to the number of 150 at a time; while i 

 conies above ore filled with the friends of the lia'hcr-. \\ ith whom an 

 uninterrupted conversation is kept up. The tempera: 

 hottest spring is 99'5, of the coolest 86 Fahrenheit, liiulen is a 

 possession of the crown, and has a park and delightful gardens. The 

 environs abound in beautiful and picturesque scenery. 



BADEN-BADEN, the ancient Ciritiu Aurtlia Aquauit (a spot 

 which was much frequented by Roman visitors in the days of Anto- 

 ninus and Aurelius), is situated in the centre of the Grand Duchy of 

 Baden, in 48 46' N. lat, 8 15' E. long., about 5 miles from Rantadt, 

 and 23 miles S.W. by railway from Karlsruhe : population about 

 6000. The town is built partly upon a hill which is crowned by the 

 residence of the former margraves of Baden, and partly on the Os, or 

 Oelbach, in a valley surrounded on all sides by heights covered with 

 forests. The town is irregular and old-fashioned in its constn > 

 and the walls were formerly protected by a ditch which is now laid 

 out in shady walks and grounds. It owes its prosperity chiefly to the 

 numerous visitors who often treble the ordinary population, and its 

 celebrity to seventeen warm springs impregnated with salt, alum, and 

 sulphur, which flow down from the hill on which the castle stand*, 

 and rise from a spot to which the name of ' Hell ' has been given : 

 the temperature of these springs varies from IIS^S to 153'5 

 Fahrenheit. A handsome building resembling a temple is erected 

 over the principal spring, to serve as a pump-room -for tho.- 

 drink the waters. Visitors frequent Baden from May to October, but 

 the months of July and August form the fashionable season. The 

 number of visitors in some years exceeds 14,000. KM n when other 

 water is foul that which flows from these hot springs '. 

 translucent and pure, and will remain so, though kept for several 

 weeks together in open vessels. The vapour arising from the hottest 

 springs is collected and used by invalids in the shape of vapour-baths. 

 Water from the hottest sources is conveyed through the town in pipes 

 to supply different baths. There are chalybeate springs also in the 

 neighbourhood, which is as remarkable for the salubrity of its climate 

 and the luxuriance of its vegetation as for the varied and picturesque 

 scenery iu which it abounds. Indeed, a stranger may stay herr :'! 

 weeks and never find himself at a loss for on unexplored ramble. 

 Adjoining the town, on the opposite side of tin m< -r in th.it n which 

 the parish church stands, there is a handsome building with u 

 thian portico and surrounded by gardens and pleasure-ground*, which 

 is the chief place of resort for the visitors of Baden. The building 

 is called a Promenade and Conversations Haus. It contains a very 

 large and splendid assembly-room, gaming-tables which ore open day 

 and night, a theatre, reading-room, and restaurant. An ugly building 

 called Neue Schloss, or ' New Castle,' stands immediately above tho 

 town, and between it and the old castle mentioned above ; it is remark- 

 able only for the extensive dungeons beneath it, in which according 

 to popular tradition tho Vohm-Gericht of the middle ages held its 

 sittings. Tho church, built on the site of some Roman ruins in the 

 17th century, contains the burying-place of the margraves and hand- 

 some monuments in memory of two of them, Lewis and Leopold- 

 William. The hall of antiquities, built in the Doric style, and railed 

 the Museum I'liUeotechnicum, is a depository for all the remains of 

 Roman antiquity brought to light on this spot. There are in the 

 town a small lyceum, a school for females attached to the nunnery of 

 the Holy Sepulchre, eight hotels with baths, an hospital, ie. 



BADENOCH. [UrVBUn 



BADULLA. [C'BTLON.] 



BAENA. [COBDOVA.] 



H.'KTICA, one of the ancient divisions of 1 1 ispania (Spain) ; go 

 called from its chief river, the Ifcctix, now the Guadalquivir. 



According to the arrangements of Augustus, Itatiea was bounded 

 W. and N. by the Anas (Guadiana); 8. by tho Atlantic and Mediter- 

 ranean ; and K. by a line drawn from near Ciudad Real, near the 

 Guadiana, through Jaea and Granada to Almunecar, on the coast of 

 the Mediterranean. Consequently it comprised Scvilla; purl of the 

 Portuguese province of Alemtejo ; Spanish Estremoduro, south of t lie 

 Guadiana ; the western part of La Mancha ; Cordova ; the west part 

 of Jaen ; and the chief part of Granada. 



ro the time of Augustus, Spain was divided by the Romans 

 into two great divisions, Hispania Citerior and Hixpania Ul 

 which latter was also called Bntica. The eastern limit of B.-ctica at 

 this time was near Carthago Nova (Carthageim). 



The district Bictica, from which these two large divisions took their 

 name, was the country drained by the lower course of the 

 The Sierra Morena on the north, and the west ! the 



Sierra Nevada on the couth, close in the extensive plains of the lower 



