BAHIA DK TODOS OS SANTOi 



BAHREIN ISLANDS. 



62 inilwRouth from Moolun. This territory was until 1811 tribu- 

 Urv to the Afghan government ; from that date it belonged to the 

 Sikh sovereign of Lahore, until the recent conquests of the British. 



Bahawulpoor u watered by the rivers of the Punjab. The soil on 

 the bank* of the riven u very fertile, aud is for the most part in a 

 state of good cultivation; some spots are however uncleared and 

 covered with coppice of tamarisk trees. These places abound with 

 wild hogs. \\ ild-Reese, partridges, and hog-deer are likewise 

 plentiful, particularly on the banks of the Beyah. Some portions of 

 the district are quite sterile. 



The chief towns of this territory are Bahawulpoor, Amedppor, 

 Julalpoor, Seedapoor and Ooch. Bahawulpoor stands near the river 

 Gurrah, which name is given to the united streams of the Beyah and 

 Sutlej. Including its gardens, this town is 4 miles in circumference. 

 The house* are built of unburned bricks, with mud terraces. The 

 camels bred here are much in demand, owing to their strength and 

 



The greater part of the inhabitants are Hindoos ; the rest are Juts 

 and Beloochees, both professing Mohammedanism. The manufactures 

 carried on by them are of silken girdles and turbans, and some species 

 of cotton cloths called ooongees, which are celebrated for the fineness 

 of their texture ; the weavers are chiefly Hindoos. The merchants 

 of Bahawulpoor are also Hindoos ; they have a great deal of com- 

 mercial enterprise, and trade extensively in goods of European manu- 

 facture, which they receive from Pallee in Marwar, by way of Bicaneer 

 and the desert of Ajmeer, and convey them by laud-carriage through 

 Mooltan and Lahore, crowing the Indus at Kahefee. These Bahawul- 

 poor merchants often travel to Balk and Bokhara, and sometimes to 

 Astrakhan, for commercial purposes. The Gurrah, on which the town 

 of Bahawulpoor stands, is a navigable river, but is not used for the 

 transport of merchandise, aa it does not afford any available line of 

 route, except to Sinde, with which there is no trade from the upper 

 provinces of India. 



BAHIA DE TODOS OS SANTOS. [ALL SAISTS' BAT.] 



BAHI'A, or SAN-SALVADOR', a large seaport town in Brazil of 

 which it was formerly the capital, is built on the eastern shore of the 

 (trait that leads from the Atlantic to the Bahia de Todos os Santos, or 

 All Saints' Bay, and a little north of the lighthouse on Cape San- 

 Antonio, which stands in 13 0' 30' S. lat., 38 80' W. long. Of the 

 two entrances to the bay formed by the island of Taporica, the 

 western, called Barra Falsa, is narrow, intricate, and at its mouth has 

 not more than six feet water. The largest vessels can pass through 

 the eastern entrance, which at its narrowest part, opposite Cape San- 

 Antonio, is nearly 6 miles wide, exclusive of the bank that skirt* the 

 inland. The bay within presents a capacious basin with several 

 islands and harbours, a depth of water varying from 8 to 40 fathoms, 

 and ample room and shelter for all the fleets in the world. Several 

 riven run into the bay, a circumstance which accounts for the current 

 that generally flows from the north end of the island of Taporica 

 put Cape San-Antonio : thin current when the rivers are flooded is 

 sometimes very strong. The usual place of anchorage U opposite the 

 city to the north and south of the Fort do Mar, which is built on a 

 small rocky islet This fort and another called San-Filipe, built on 

 the promontory of Monserrate, protect the anchorage. North of the 

 Punta de Monserrate the land retire* and forms a small bay called 

 Tapagippe, which serves as a dockyard. 



Opposite the anchorage to eastward lies the city, which consists of two 

 towns, the Citade Baiza (Lower Town), or Praya, and the Citade Alta 

 (Upper Town). The Praya (Beach) is a strip of low land, so narrow as to 

 admit only of a single street, except in the middle, where five short 

 streets branch off eastward. It is the seat of commercial activity and 

 here the large warehouse* are situated. Here also are the numerous 

 workshops of the jewellers, who work in gold and silver, and set the 

 precious stones that are brought from the Minas Novas. The town 

 is meanly built, ill-paved, and dirty. Among the buildings the 

 exchange and the church of Numa-Senhora are distinguished by their 

 architecture. The church is a fine edifice, with a front of European 

 stone, and U richly decorated within. At the southern extremity of 

 the Praya are the royal dockyard and the arsenal At the back of the 

 Praya rises a hill with a steep ascent. Some parU of the declivity 

 are covered with buildings, but the steeper parts are planted with 

 bananas and orange-tree*. The street* leading to the Citade Alta are 

 almost impassable for carriages. 



On the top of the hill stands the Citade Alta, on an undulating 

 surface from 100 to 300 feet above the sea-level Most of the streets 

 are wide and straight ; the houses are built of stone, and from two to 

 five stories high. The centre of the town lies in a depression, and 

 contains the best streets, and several squares, among which is Praya 

 de Panda, where the palace of the governor, the town-hall, the mint, 

 and the court-house are situated. The most remarkable building in 

 this part of Bahia, and indeed in all Brazil, u the college of the 

 Jaunt*, with the contiguous church, which is magnificently decorated 

 and i uwd as a cathedral The college contains a public library of 

 12,000 volumes. The greater part of the building is however appro- 

 priated to a military hospital Of the other churches, more than 

 thirty in number, that of the Italian Capurins is the most remarkable. 

 .Kher remarkable public building* are the city hospital, the school 

 of surgery, the house for white orphan*, and the palace of the arch- 



bishop. Within the circuit of the town there is a considerable 

 number of gardens and orchards. At the south-eastern extremity of 

 the Citade Alta is the Paaseio Publico, or Public Walk, on one of 

 the most elevated eminences of the town, from the pavilion of which 

 the whole bay, with it* green i1nH. and the Atlantic Ocean, can be 

 seen. The city is defended on the land side by several forts of no 

 great strength. 



The population of Bahia is stated to be about 160,000, the majority 

 of whom are negroes. Three roads lead from Bahia to the ulterior 

 of Brazil, by which the foreign goods reach the place* of consumption, 

 aud the produce of the country is brought to market. The exports 

 consist of sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, cigars, rice, rum, molasses, 

 tallow, hides, horns, cocoa-nuts, fancy woods, bullion, Ac. In 1817 

 Bahia exported 27,300 cases, of 13 cwt each, of sugar. In 1842 the 

 chief export* were 52,000 oaoon of sugar; 16,000 bags of cotton, 

 170 Ibs. in each; and 12,500 bags of coffee, 160 Ibs. in each. !'> 

 the year ending September 30th, 1849, it exported 62,000 cases and 

 9925 bags of sugar; 19,500 bales of cotton; 20,288 bags of coffee; 

 82,866 hides; 9554 pipes of rum ; and 10,901 bales of tobacco. The 

 imports consist of different kinds of cotton fabrics, woollen stuffs 

 and cloth, linen, iron and tinware, provisions, flour, salt fish, soap, 

 wines, codfish, leather, furniture, &c. 



BAHIA, PROVINCE OF. [BRAZIL.] 



BAHLINGEN. [SCHWARZWALD.] 



BAHR ASSAL. [ADAL.] 



ItAHR-BELA-MA', or The Waterless Sea, a remarkable valley in 

 the Libyan Desert, on the borders of Egypt, about 50 miles west of 

 Cairo. It runs westward of and parallel to the valley of the Natron 

 lakes, from which it is divided by a sandy ridge. It extends above 

 30 miles in a north-north-westerly and south-south-easterly direction. 

 The valley is very deep, aud about 9 miles in breadth : it ia totally 

 barren and waterless. It has however the appearance of having been 

 once a watercourse, and is strewed with loose stones, quartz, silex, 

 fragment* of jasper, &c. There is also a quantity of ]>etrined wood, 

 trunks of trees, and large splinters. General Andreossi, who visited 

 the valley, found also the vertebra of a Urge fish. (Andreoesi's 

 ' Momoire aur la Valise des Lacs de Natron, et BUT celle du Kleuve 

 sans Eau.') 



There ia another Bahr-bela-ma mentioned farther south, between 

 the canal of Youssouf and Lake Keroon, or Mocris ; it was formerly 

 port of the communication between the Nile and the lake but is now 

 dry, the canal passing more to the south-west. (Renuell's ' Geograph- 

 ical System of Herodotus.') Petrified wood is found not only in 

 the Bahr-bela-ma visited by Andreossi, but also scattered in large 

 heaps over that part of the Libyan Desert which Hornemann crossed 

 for several days to the westward on his way to Siwali. He saw 

 trunks of trees, of from 30 to 40 feet in length, broken and shivered 

 into large splinters, lying near each other. Some trunks are 12 feet 

 in circumference aud still retain their side branches, and the grain is 

 perfectly discernible. They are of a dark and some of a brownish 

 colour, and so much like wood that the slaves belonging to the 

 caravan used to gather them and bring them to the camp as fuel 

 How the trees came upon the Libyan waste i a question not easily 

 answered ; the fact of their being there however proves that that part 

 of the world must have undergone very great changes at remote 

 linn -. 



BAHR-EL-ABIAD. [NiLS.1 



BAHK Kl. -A7.KKK. [NILE.] 



BAH'REIN BAY is on the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf, 

 between Ras Roccan and Has Tannora. It extend* in a south- 

 westerly direction 70 miles, but is so completely filled up with 

 extensive sandy shoals as to be perfectly unuavigable by vessels of 

 burden. Its shores are low and sandy, and with the exception of a 

 short distance to the south-west of Ras Recoan, almost without 

 inhabitants. 



BAH'REIN ISLANDS, a group of three island*, situated on a 

 bank in the Persian Gulf near the east coast of Arabia, are named 

 from the principal island Bahrein, which in situated in the middle of 

 Bahrein Bay, in 26 10' N. lat, 50 40' K. long. Bahrein Island, 

 sometimes called Aval, and anciently Tyru*, is 274 miles long from 

 north to south, and about 10 miles across; it is surrounded by Hhoals, 

 most of which are dry at low water. A range of moderately high 

 hills runs through the centre of the island, but the shores all round 

 ore very low. The island is fertile, and covered with plantations 

 of date-trees, but only about one-fifth of its surface ia under culti- 

 vation. There are numerous springs of excellent water in the 

 interior, but at too great a distance from the port to be available for 

 -lii|'|iing. The only water with which they can be supplied, a* well 

 as all that is used on the adjacent island of Arad, U brought up 

 from the bottom of the sea at the depth of 18 feet, where there is a 

 spring of good fresh water. It i* procured in skins with the top of 

 a jar fitted to the mouth ; through this orifice the fresh-water rushes 

 into the skin, but as may be supposed from the method of obtaining 

 it, the water is rather brackish aud expensive. 



The islands are naturally fertile but ill cultivated. They produce 

 dates, a little wheat, barley, and other grain and needs, with fruit* of 

 various kinds. The trade of the islands is considerable, and might 

 become very important under a secure and regular government. The 



