BAKHTEOAN. 



I1AKTCHESARAI. 



existed before 1836. In 1844-4 the whole exterior of the church 

 underwent a thorough and very skilful restoration at a cost of upward* 

 of 600W. In the interior of the church, against an arch on the south 

 aide of the nvre, is a very curious monument to the memory of Sir 

 Godfrey Foljambe and his lady. The former died in 1378, and the 

 latter in 1383. They were the founders of a chantry in Bake well in 

 the reign of Henry III., which was destroyed at the Reformation. 

 The monument, though somewhat defaced by time, is still remarkably 

 beautiful. The arms upon it are evidently those of Koljambe and 

 Darley. The figures are half-length, and rather smaller than life. 

 They arecarvedinalabasterinalto-relievo,underacanopy. In the south 

 transept, near the monuments of the Vernon and Manners' families, 

 is a recumbent figure, in alabaster, of a knight in plate armour, mail 

 gorget, and pointed helmet, with a richly-ornamented bandeau, his 

 pillow supported by angels. This monument is supposed to be that 

 of Sir Thomas Wendesley, generally called Wensley, who lost his life 

 in the reign of Henry IV., at the battle of Shrewsbury. In the 

 chancel are the tombs of several individuals of distinction. An excellent 

 account of Bakewell church, by Dr. Plumptre, the present vice- 

 chancellor of Oxford will be found in the ' Archaeological Journal,' 

 No. 13. The Independents have a place of worship in Bake well 



Lady Manners' s Grammar school, founded in 1637, has an income 

 from endowment of 50/. a year, and in 1852 had 42 scholars, of whom 

 8 were free. A National school for girls was opened in 1849. The 

 building, which is in a very pore style, has accommodation for 150 

 girls. The old court-house, a picturesque edifice, has been recently 

 restored from the designs of Mr. A. Salvin. The town-hall has alo 

 been greatly improved. A dispensary has been established for many 

 years. There is a literary and scientific institution, called the Bakewell 

 and High Peak I nstitution, of some years' standing ; it has an extensive 

 library with reading-rooms ; and lectures are delivered in the town- 

 hall during the winter months in connection with it. A museum has 

 been established for the rarer specimens of natural history which are 

 found in the neighbourhood, as well as for archaeological remains, &c. 

 There is a savings bank. A county court is held in the town. 



In the parish of Bakewell, which is the most extensive in the 

 county, being more than 20 miles in length and upwards of 8 miles 

 in breadth, there are ten parochial chapelries, besides several places of 

 worship for Dissenters. Chatsworth House, the residence of the 

 Duke of Devonshire, is about 3 miles from Bakewell. This splendid 

 mansion was built by William, the first duke of the Cavendish family, 

 on the site of the mansion erected by Sir William Cavendish, about 

 the middle of the 16th century, and in which Mary of Scotland was 

 imprisoned for 13 years. The present edifice is of two different 

 periods : the square edifice which forms the south end was begun in 

 1688 and completed in 1706 ; the remainder was erected between 1820 

 and 1840. It stands on a gentle acclivity near the bottom of a high 

 hill, which is richly covered with wood. The situation w extremely 

 beautiful. The river Derwent runs before the principal front. There 

 is a handsome stone bridge over the Derwent immediately in front of 

 ChaUworth House. The house is decorated with Ionic columns, and 

 has a flat roof, surrounded by a neat balustrade. The earlier portion 

 is nearly a square of 190 feet, inclosing a spacious quadrangular court : 

 the additional wing presents a facade of upwards of 600 feet. The 

 grand entrance is on the west, by a flight of steps to a terrace which 

 extends the length of the whole building Verrio painted the ceilings, 

 Gibber executed the statues, and Gibbons the wood-carving of the 

 earlier pile. The whole is a magnificent structure ; ami the fittings 

 of the interior and the contents are of the most costly character. It is 

 probably without a rival among the mansions of the English nobility. 

 The grounds too are on a scale of equal splendour. The conservatory, 

 800 feet long, 145 feet broad, and 67 feet high, is unequalled by any 

 in Europe; and the water-works are only equalled by those of 

 Versailles. One fountain throws up water to the height of nearly 

 300 feet. 



About two miles south of Bakewell is Haddnn Hall, the property 

 of the Duke of Rutland. It stands on a bold eminence on the left 

 liank of the river Wye, and overlooks the beautiful vale of Haddon. 

 Haddun Hall is the most complete of our ancient baronial reni.l. -n. . - 

 now *mining Though not now inhabited, it is in a state uf excellent 

 repair. It was erected at different periods. The mostaucient part was 

 erected about the time of Edward III. : part is of Henry IV.'n time; 

 and the most modern part was erected in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 

 It was acquired by the Rutland family in the reign of Elizabeth by 

 the marriage of Sir John Manners with one of tho co-heiresses of Sir 

 George Vernnn, to whose family it then belonged. 



(Ctmden's BriUunua ; Lysons's Xagita Britmma ; Glover'n /fer&jr- 

 Airt; Rhodes'i/>eoi fernery; Adams's Gm of He Peat ; Land We 

 IM* / fiorllk DtrbyMrr < 'urrapondtnt at BaJctmtl.) 



BA'KHTKOAN, a salt-lake in the province of Fars in Penia, is 

 situated to the east of Shiraz, about the (mint indicated by 29' 46' 

 N. lal, &4- K. long. The nearest point of the lake to Shiran is about 

 T'i mile*. The direction of iU length is from east to west by north. 

 The river Bendamir, the ancient Araxee, falls into the western end of 

 Lake Bakbtogan. It is said to be called also Bendamir Kum Fmiz, 

 and K nr-ab. One of the feeders of the Bendauiir now called Pulwan is 

 supposed to represent the ancient Kuros or Cyrus. The lake is now 

 generally called NlrU, from the principal town in its vicinity. The 



designation of ' Lake of Bakhtegan,' which the old eastern geographers 

 have given it, is derived from an ancient village in the neighbourhood, 

 the ruins of which are said still to exist to the eastward of Kheir. 

 According to Hamdallah Mastaufi, a Persian geographer, the Lake of 

 Bakhtegan is 12 fanangs in length and 7 in breadth, and its circum- 

 ference 35 {arsangs. Kinneir given it a circumference of not more than 

 20 fanangs. (The farsang is equal to 3( miles.) During summer the 

 lake is nearly dry, and its bottom becomes encrusted with salt, 

 which is collected by the people who live on its borders. This salt 

 is deemed remarkably fine. (Ouseley's Trarrlt; Kinneir's Geographi- 

 cal Memoir of Pcrtia ; De Bode's Lurittax.) 



BAKTCHESARAI (correctly Baghtck'.h-Sarai, the ' Palace of tho 

 Gardens'), a Tartar town of the Crimea which is now included in ill.- 

 Russian government of Taurida, is situated in 44 47' N. lat,, 33 54' 

 K. long., 25 miles N.E. from the Russian naval harbour Sevastopol, in 

 a long deep valley between two rocky hills, and is built in an irregular 

 manner upon each side of the sloping ground which descends to the 

 Tnhuruk-Su, a rivulet that flows into the Katchka, which enters the 

 Black Sea to the north of Sevastopol. The town stands with its 

 buildings scattered terrace-wise beneath impending rocks and 

 pices, which seem to threaten the beholder with instant destru 

 The sight of fountains, streams, smiling gardens and terraces, inter- 

 mingled with minarets and elegant tower-shaped chimneys, vineyards, 

 and groups of Lombardy poplars, soon renders the first impression 

 pleasing ; but this is not confirmed by an examination of the interior 

 of the town. The main street, which leads between rows of low 

 wooden shops from the gate of the town to the celebrated Khan Serai, 

 the residence of the old Crimean rulers, and which is about two miles 

 in length, has scarcely a window or door without it* old-fashioned 

 Tartar tenant sitting cross-legged within it, too intent upon his occu- 

 pation to notice what may be passing around him. Houses and gardens 

 rise up on either side of it on the steep sides of the hills. The most 

 attractive features of Baktchesarai are its numerous fountains, 

 mosques, medressi (or schools), and baths, and the khan's palace. 

 The mosques, to the number of 31, are mostly constructed <ii 

 stone and ornamented with lofty towers of elegant appearance. The 

 Greeks, Armenians, and Jews have also several churches or synagogues 

 in the town ; and besides 2 baths with domes there are 16 khans for 

 the residence of strangers or deposit of merchandise, 6 of which are 

 of freestone and of spacious dimensions. Including 1 7 coffee-houses, 

 the number of houses of public entertainment is 38 ; of shops there 

 are about 500. The manufactures of the town consist of Morocco- 

 leather, saddlery, and other leather articles; 'bouzo,' a spirit dis- 

 tilled from millet ; silks, common cutlery, woollens, gold and silver 

 plate, pottery, purses, arms, tobacco-pipes, 4e. All these articles are 

 made in a fashion at least two centuries old. The population is esti- 

 mated at from 10,000 to 15,000. No Russian is permitted to sett If in 

 the town, of which under a ukase dating from the time of Catherine 1 1. 

 none but Tartars can become burgesses. Of Greeks, Armenians, and 

 Jews it contains about 1500, the Jews forming about three-fourths 

 of the number; the remaining inhabitants are exclusively Tartars. 

 Fountains have been erected in every quarter of the town, and add to 

 its salubrity and ornament : the water in one of them flows through 

 ten pipes, and falls on handsome marble slab*, round which the 

 Tartars collect four times a day for the purpose of performing 

 ablutions before they proceed to prayers in the neighbouring mosques. 

 The Greeks are confined to a distinct quarter. The Khan Serai, or 

 palace of the ancient khans of the Crimea, stands on a slope nearly at 

 the eastern extremity of tho town. This prodigious range of eastern 

 buildings a perfect labyrinth of princely abodes and offices, courts 

 and gardens, fountains, corridors, and halls has been restored to its 

 former magnificence by the care of the Russian government : (In- 

 various structures which it incloses are roofed with rod tiles, and 

 Mil-mounted with numerous turrets, which answer the purpose of 

 chimneys. On entering the first court, which is built upon a quay on 

 the Tshuruk-Su, n splendid mosque is soen on the left, hand ; lower 

 down are the stables ; and on the right stands the .- ; 

 of the khans, one story in height a collection of edifices varying 

 both in elevation and dimensions. Its front is furnished with an iron 

 door enriched with parti-coloured arabesques, over which soars the 

 double-headed iiii]H-riiil eagle in place of the old Turkish crescent. It 

 opens upon the grand flight of steps leading to a splendid vc 

 with floor of marble, and over the door is sculptured an Arabic 

 inscription. In the vestibule itself are two noble fountains, the 

 waters of which are constantly flowing into mat-Me basins : they have 

 also a long Arabic inscription over them. The great garden attached 

 to the palace is carefully kept up. and the area In-hind the mosque is 

 used for a cemetery. One of the mausolea in the cemetery stands on 

 an eminence, and is composed of a gilt cupola, fifteen feet high, -up 

 ported by marble columns, which the celebrn' licraiKhau 



erected to the memory of his beautiful wife, Dilara-Bikez, a Georgian 

 princess. The singular Tshufut-Kale, or Jew's Citadel, is about fi mi- 

 miles out of the town, and one-half of the road to it runs by the side 

 of a perpendicular and natural wall of rocks some hundred feet in 

 height : at one point behind this barrier is a deserted monastery con- 

 taining seventy cells hewn out of the solid rock. Aft -r quitting the 

 line of wall the road traverses a very precipitous district to tho 

 1 Valley of Jehosaphat,' where the Jewish cemetery stands with its 



