

BAMBEUO. 



HAMIlliRG. 



pUnt<l in some <!UtricU; and in others tlie indigo plant grows 

 pontoneouily. Of the small number of fruit-tree* which are met with 

 the pistachio i* the principal. From the keniel of the butter-tree, called 

 by Park the ahea-tree, and by Caillid ct, an ash-gray butter isextracted, 

 which is a considerable object of agricultural industry and trade. 



In the southern district the enormous baobab is very common and 

 it* fruit much esteemed. After the shell has been broken, the pulp 

 is taken out, dried well in the sun, and then slightly pounded to 

 extract the fecula, which is used for sauces, and as a substitute for 

 honey. Among other tree* are liambarta of great size, and tamarind - 

 trees. Ropes are made of Ribifctu Cannibiniu; and the Kltamnut 

 Lotut bears a fruit of a pleasant taste, rather acid, and in colour 

 resembling gingerbread. Many district*! are covered with extensive 

 : IMS* 



The pastures both in the wooded tracts and in the open plains 

 being extensive and excellent, the domestic animals are numerous, as 

 horned cattle, sheep, goats, and horses of a fine breed. Poultry 

 abounds in every district, and wild guinea-fowls are very common. 

 Dogs are reared and fattened for food. In the rivers there are alliga- 

 tors an<Uurtles, besides fish in great abundance, which afford subsist- 

 ence to a great number of families along the Joliba. Dried fish U a 

 considerable article of commerce. The marshes, which in many parts 

 are of very great extent, are frequented by numbers of aquatic birds, 

 as pelicans, egrets, trumpet-birds, puffins, Barbary ducks, teals, and 

 various other species. A large quantity of honey is collected from 

 bee-hives placed in trees. The termite hills are here as numerous as 

 on the banks of the Senegal ; but they are only 18 inches or 2 feet 

 in height, whilst on the coast they commonly attain 8 or 9 feet. 



The aborigines of Bambarra do not seem to have advanced much in 

 civilisation. They compose the peasantry of the country. The soil 

 however is ill-cultivated by them, aud their villages are disgustingly 

 dirty. These people eat all sorts of animals, dogs, cats, rats, mice, 

 serpents, and lizards. Nearly all that they cultivate for the market is 

 u little cotton, which they exchange for salt. 



Among them two other tribes of negroes have formed establishments, 

 the Mandingoes and the Foulahs, who have removed from the Kong 

 Mountains. These compose the population of the towns, and are the 

 mechanics and merchants. Having embraced Islainism they are 

 much more advanced in civilisation than the Bambarras ; and Oaillii5 

 observes that in some places public schools are erected, in which 

 reading and writing are taught 



The Moors who are dispersed over the western parts of the Great 

 Desert have established themselves in the towns, especially along the 

 Joliba, where they occupy themselves with trade. Having introduced 

 laUmism they have obtained a great degree of authority with the 

 petty sovereigns of the country and the Maudiugoes and Foulahs. 



The language of the Bambarras has a great affinity to that of the 

 Mandingoes according to Mungo Park ; but CoilliiS states that they 

 have also a peculiar dialect. 



Bambarra carries on a very active commerce though it is limited to 

 a small number of commodities. The Mandingoes export ivory to the 

 European establishments on the Senegal, Gambia, and the western 

 coast of Africa. The Moors established in the towns along the Niger 

 carry on an extensive commerce through the Sahara, with the countries 

 along the Mediterranean. The principal trading places are from east 

 to west, Jennee, SASSANDINO, SEOO, Yamina, Bammakoo, and BounS. 

 BounS, to the south-west of Bammakoo, in the principal market for 

 gold, which is found chiefly in the Kong Mountains westward from 

 Bambarra. Small canoes go from Jennie to BounS and return laden 

 with the gold. Besides gold the principal articles of exchange ore 

 slaves, ivory, and coarse cotton-cloth made by the natives : they are 

 exchanged for salt brought from the desert, for tobacco, hardware, and 

 European merchandise In their way to the northern countries they 

 nu through Timbuctoo, which is the general depot fur the trattic. 

 There seems also to exist some trade with the coast of Guinea, from 

 which salt is imported. 



Bambarra is governed by a number of petty independent chiefs, 

 who often go to war with one another. The towns inhabited by the 

 Foulahs, Mandingoes, and Moon, seem to bo independent of the 

 sovereigns in whose countries they are situated. 



(Mungo Park ; Reuuell ; Caillic' ; maps in Muugo Park's and CaiUic'a 

 Tratctt.) 



BAMBERO, the chief town of the bailiwick of Bambcrg (which now 

 forms a part of the circle of Upper Franconia in the kingdom of 

 Bavaria), and the seat of the former prince-bishops of Bamberg, is 

 situated in one of the most fertile and delightful districts in Central 

 Germany. Itisbuilton the banks of the Regnitz which here divides into 

 four branches, about 3 miles above the influx of that river into the 

 Main, about 160 mile* by railway N.W. from Munich, and 30 miles W. 

 fp.in Itaireuth. The three quarters into which the RegniU divides the 

 town are united by two bridge*. The town contains 2000 house*, 13 

 churches, 1.1 places of instruction and public charities, snd 9 military 

 edifice*. The number of inhabitants is about 21,000, of whom not 

 more than J500 are Protestants and 560 Jew . (! remainder being 

 Roman Catholics. Bamberg, one-half of which is built in the form uf 

 an amphitheatre, on seven eminences, is generally supposed to have 

 been founded bv * colony of Saxons who settled in these parts in the 

 year 804, and rt was cmlicllished by Charlemagne with the church of 



St. Martin. The deep ditches bordering its ramparts which have been 

 partially razed are laid out in walks and gardens ; the whole place is 

 well paved and lighted. Amongst the building* most deserving of 

 notice are a cathedral with bar towers rebuilt in 11 111, in the 

 Byzantine style ; but the pointed arch appears in the vaulting of the 

 interior except at the east end of the structure, which is of more 

 ancient date and is distinguished from the rest of the church by its 

 plain arches ; it contains monuments in memory of the Emperor 

 Henry the Pious and his virgin consort Cuuigunda, Pope Clement II., 

 and several Bamberg prelates; a ' Resurrection' by Tintoretto adorns 

 the high altar ; aud there are other pieces by Van Dyck, Sandrart, 

 Merian, ke., in other parts of the interior. The high altar which U in 

 an elaborate Greek style is entirely out of character with the edifice. 

 The whole of this fine cathedral has lately undergone a thorough repair. 

 The edifice as well as the venerable palace close to it crowns St. Peter's 

 Mount ; the palace once an imperial and episcopal residence has been 

 degraded into a guard-house, stables, coach-houses, &c. Opposite to 

 these buildings stands the episcopal palace, which U three stories high, 

 and built in the Italian style : it was begun in 1702, but not more 

 than one-half has been completed ; there are some frescoes and paint- 

 ings of much merit in the apartments. The church of St. James is 

 remarkable for its handsome portal, a cupola painted in fresco, and 

 several good altar-pieces. The Benedictine monastery on St. Michael's 

 Mount which overlooks the town has been transformed into an asylum 

 for the reception of aged burgesses and their wives, and the adjacent 

 provostry into an hospital for lunatics. The collegiate church of 

 St. Stephen is now a Protestant place of worship ; and the Franciscan 

 monastery is the seat of local government and justice, and its former 

 yard and grounds have been appropriated to a fruit-market. 



There is no church in Bamberg however comparable for grandeur, 

 simplicity, and internal beauty, and embellishments with that of St. 

 Martin, which was erected by the Jesuits between the years 1690 aud 

 1693. The Jesuits' college attached to it has a library well furnished 

 with printed books, and containing upwards of 1800 manuscripts 

 written on vellum, belonging to periods between the 8th and 16th cen- 

 turies ; close adjoining to it are a cabinet of natural history particularly 

 rich in conchology and entomology, a collection of instruments and 

 apparatus for experimental philosophy, lecture-rooms for divinity and 

 philosophy, fie. The buildings of the Gymnasium are in the same 

 street. The Maxplatz (Maximilian Square), a spacious market 

 forms a prominent embellishment of the town ; and the Ernestiuian 

 Institution for educating young ecclesiastics stands on one side of it. 

 Near the synagogue is a handsome theatre and ball-room. 



The GeierswO'rth, a winter residence of the prince-bishops, built on an 

 island formed by the Regnitz, is now occupied by the Court of Appeal ; 

 its gardens contain a bathing establishment as well as an open street 

 On on island united to the upper or western quarter and lower town 

 by a stone bridge stands the Kathhaus, or town-hall, which is covered 

 externally with rude fresco paintings. The Ludwig Canal which con- 

 nects the Main with the Danube issues out of the Regnitz close to the 

 town-hall. 



The Infirmary, erected by Bishop Erthal, with its anatomical, 

 surgical, and clinical schools, larboratory, and botanic garden, is 

 another of those institutions of which the Bombergers have reason to 

 be proud. Till the year 1685 they had a university, which was then 

 changed into a Gymnasium Academicum, but this seminary in 1804 

 was replaced by a Lyceum, where a complete course of divinity and 

 philosophy is given, and the former medical faculty has been retained. 

 The studies pursued in the modern Gymnasium too are of a very 

 comprehensive kind and directed by eight professors and five tt :. 

 There is a training-school for teachers; horticulture is one of the 

 branches of instruction taught Besides elementary schools for the 

 lower classes Bamberg poaaonsos a school for mechanics, a Jews' school, 

 on academy for drawing, a society for 'promoting genuine piety with 

 brotherly love,' founded in 1618, another for aiding the sick and necessi- 

 tous, and a third for the encouragement of the arts and sciences. The 

 number of libraries and collections, public and private, is considrnil>l.< ; 

 among them are the Royal Library with about 66,000 volumes and 

 many scarce manuscripts, a chapter library, and throe school libraries ; 

 the Town Museum of Natural History, rich in specimens, and the Cabi- 

 net of Natural and Experimental Philosophy attached to the Lyceum ; 

 various private collections in the town, among which we may ment ion 

 Von Stengel's, which contains above 13,000 wood and copper-plate 

 engravings. Bamberg claims the honour of having printed the first 

 German work, namely, Banner's ' Fables,' which bears the date of 

 1461, and of which a copy is extant in the library at Brunswick. 

 Among the numerous incorporations in this town is that of the 

 gardeners, which consists of above 700 members, including masters, 

 apprentices, and workmen. The highest prize which it gives and it is 

 given but once in three yean is for the cultivation of officinal plants, 

 particularly the liquorice root, of which above 60,000 Ibs. used to be 

 annually sent abroad, but it is said to be less grown now than formerly. 

 Very considerable quantities of vegetable seeds are also raised and 

 exported by the Bamberg growers. The beer of Bambcrg i in nm.-h 

 demand in some of the German states. The other manufactures 

 consist of tobacco, porcelain, musical instruments, marble wares, 

 starch, sealing-wax, gold and silver plate, gloves, &c. Two annual 

 fairs give life to the trade of tho town, the situation of which on the 



