873 



BANTAM. 



BAR-LE-DUC. 



874 



ports in Europe to Batavia to put into this port in order to laud 

 their despatches, which are conveyed by land to the capital in a 

 shorter time than ships can get round to the northern coast. 



The district contains 983 villages ; in 1815, when a census was 

 taken by the English government, the population was 231,604 ; in 

 1838 it had increased to 362,242. The area of the district is 3428 

 square miles. It is divided into three regencies Ceram, Lebak, 

 and Tjiringin. 



Land is held under the Hindoo Ryot system ; the possessor paying 

 a fixed rent to the government. The cultivators being sure of 

 enjoying a certain portion of their produce their industry has been 

 stimulated, larger tracts of land have been brought under cultivation, 

 and by this means, in conjunction with the constantly increasing 

 population, the land revenue of the district is proportionally 

 augmented. 



The cultivation of rice, pepper, coffee, sugar, opium, indigo, and 

 cotton forms the principal occupation of the district. Next in 

 importance is the breeding and rearing of cattle. The buffaloes of 

 Bantam are of great size and strength, and are used for purposes of 

 draught and tillage, as well as for food. Large flocks of goats are 

 likewise reared in the district and find a ready market at Batavia, 

 where the Malay inhabitants prefer their flesh to that of sheep. 



Coarse cotton cloths and a kind of ginghams are made in this 

 district, which are in much request among the natives of the island 

 generally, and form an important object of inland commerce. Great 

 numbers of cane and bamboo mats are likewise made and exported 

 to different places in the Eastern Archipelago and to Europe. 



The coasts and their neighbourhood are for the most port level ; 

 but inland the country is mountainous, and everywhere exhibits 

 marks of fertility, the mountains being covered with the finest ver- 

 dure to their summits. 



(Stavorinus's Voyage*; RafHes'a Jlittwy of Java; Crawfurd's 

 Indian Archipdago; Count Hogendorp's Coup <fCEU sur I'lale de 

 Java ; Captain Keppel's Indian Archipelayo, London, 1853.) 



BANTAM, a former city of Java, built at the heat! of a bay on the 

 northern coast of that island, in 6 2' S. lat., 106 9' E. long., about 

 15 miles E. from the Strait of Sunda, and 61 miles W. from Batavia. 

 This place was first visited by the Portuguese in 1511. At the 

 time of their arrival a great trade was carried on at Bantam with 

 Arabia, Hindustan, and China in pepper, the chief produce of the 

 country. Of this trade the Portuguese enjoyed a monopoly till the 

 arrival of the Dutch in 1595, when the latter having assisted the 

 sultan in expelling the Portuguese obtained permission to build a 

 fort, and ultimately succeeded in controlling the whole of the pepper 

 trade. In 1602 the English established a factory at Bantam, but 

 found all their commercial attempts obstructed by the Dutch. In 

 July, 1619, it was agreed between the two nations by treaty that the 

 pepper trade should be equally divided between them : a compact 

 which was never fulfilled by the Dutch, whose naval force gave 

 them great advantage in these seas. After a series of annoyances 

 they expelled the English, and built a strong fort completely com- 

 manding the town, where they remained without a rival. 



Bantam was the great rendezvous for European shipping, and 

 became the mart whence not only pepper but other spices were 

 distributed over the world, and the town consequently flourished 

 greatly. But the Dutch having transferred their seat of government 

 to Batavia the place was soon reduced to a poor remnant of its former 

 opulence and importance. Other circumstances likewise contributed 

 to its decline : the coral reefs increased so that the port was no 

 longer accessible to large vessels, and the bay itself became choked up 

 from the deposition of its rivers, which prevented any landing except 

 in small canoes. A dreadful fire also broke out in 1817 and destroyed 

 most of the houses, which have never sine* been rebuilt. 



BANTRY, county of Cork, Ireland, in the parish of Kilmacomogue 

 and barony of Bantry, a sea-port and post-town and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, is situated at the head of Bantry Bay on the coast-road 

 from Cork by Bandon to Kenmare, in 51 39' N. lat., 9 24' W. long. ; 

 distant 70 miles W.S.W. from Cork, and 218 miles S.W. from Dublin. 

 The population in 1841 was 4082; in 1851 it was 2943, exclusive of 

 1801 inmates of the Union workhouse. Bantry Poor-Law Union 

 comprises 14 electoral divisions, with an area of 106,852 acres, and a 

 population in 1841 of 27,538, in 1851 of 19,680. 



Bantry stands on a cove opposite to Whiddy Island, which protects 

 the roadstead on the west; there are three circular redoubts on 

 Whiddy Island ; and the remains of a small bastioned fort on the 

 north side of the creek. Mountains of considerable elevation rise 

 immediately behind the town. The principal streets converge to an 

 open" space terminating towards the sea in a jetty. The sessions- 

 house, bridewell, and police barracks stand in this area. The parish 

 church, oil the beach at the north end of the quay, is a plain building. 

 The Roman Catholic chapel, on the high ground at the back of the 

 town, is spacious and has a rich ceiling. Here is also a small chapel 

 fr.r Wesleyan Methodists. Quarter sessions for the west riding are 

 linld hre in rotation, and petty sessions are held once a month. There 

 is a station of the county constabulary force in the town. Bantry in 

 the last century had an extensive trade in the fishery and curing of 

 i'l; but the coast has been deserted by that fish. Salmon 

 fulling employs some persona, and there a a small general fishery on 



the coast, but the principal trade of the place now consists in the 

 export of agricultural produce, and the import of articles for retail 

 to the surrounding district. 



(Ordnance Survey Map ; Windele's Guide to Killarney and Glengariff, 

 Cork, 1849.) 



BANTRY BAY, a deep inlet on the south-west coast of Ireland, 

 between Mizen Head, 51 26' N. lat., 9 50' W. long., and Dursey Island, 

 51 34' N. lat., 10 16' W. long., in the county of Cork. It is 21 miles 

 long and 5 miles broad, safe and commodious for ships of any size, 

 and free from dangerous rocks and shoals. At the head of the bay 

 are two harbours. One on the south side opposite Bantry town and 

 within Whiddy Island, which is called Bantry Harbour, is quite land- 

 locked, and perfectly secure from all winds. The other to the north- 

 ward is called Glengariff Harbour : it is small, and the entrance is 

 narrow. This is also sheltered by a small island, but from being so 

 confined is seldom used except by coasting vessels. In summer 

 however the largest ships may ride in safety outside the island. 



Near the entrance of Bantry Bay on the north shore is an excellent 

 harbour, large and well sheltered, with water sufficiently deep for the 

 largest ships. It is called Bear Haven, and is formed by Bear Island, 

 on each side of which is an entrance ; there is good anchorage every- 

 where within it ; the best is off Balinakilly. Within the headlands of 

 Bantry Bay the stream of tide is scarcely sensible, though off Mizen 

 Head the ebb which runs to the westward flows at the rate of 3^ miles 

 an hour. The depth of water at the entrance is about 40 fathoms, 

 shoaling gradually towards the head of the bay. The coast around 

 the bay is for the most part rocky and high. Near the entrance of 

 Bantry Bay an engagement took place in the year 1689 between the 

 French fleet which had brought James II. to Ireland and the British 

 fleet under the command of Admiral Herbert. The latter was very 

 inferior in force, but nevertheless the battle lasted several hours, when 

 the French got into the bay and the British returned to England with 

 very little loss. The French forces which contemplated an invasion 

 of Great Britain in 1796 fixed on Bantry Bay as the place of rendezvous, 

 and several ships arrived in it on the 22nd of December in that year. 

 The utmost alarm was created throughout the country by the circum- 

 stance ; but General Hoche, the commander-in-chief, not having 

 arrived with the rest of the armament, the vessels that had anchored 

 did not disembark their forces. They sailed for France on the 27th 

 of the same month. The scenery of the bay, especially in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Glengariff, is amongst the most beautiful and striking in 

 the United Kingdom. About 17 miles nearly due west from Bantry 

 town on the opposite side of the bay is the great cataract of 

 Hungry Hill, where three lakes at heights of 1011, 1126, and 1360 

 feet respectively discharge their waters by almost continuous cascades 

 into the creek of Adrigoole. 



(Norie's JBritii/i Channel Pilot ; Smith's History of Cork ; Ordnance 

 Survey Map.} 



BANWELL. [SOMERSETSHIKE.1 



BANYUWANGY, or BANJOUWANGUI, one of the nineteen pro- 

 vinces into which the island of Java has been divided by the Dutch, is 

 situated at the eastern extremity of the island, part of its coast form- 

 ing the western shore of the Strait of Bali. The district lies between 

 8 and 9 S. lat., 114 and 115 E. long. The town of Banyuwangy is 

 at the eastern extremity, on the Strait of Bali, in 8 7' S. lat., 114 15' 

 E. long., and is about 550 English miles E.S.E. from Batavia. It is a 

 populous place, and a military post of some importance for the repres- 

 sion of piracy in the strait and neighbouring seas. The district con- 

 tains a volcanic mountain named Goonong-Marapi of great height. It 

 is covered with immense forests, which are the haunts of a great 

 number of tigers. This is the least populous part of Java, and 

 contributes but little to the colonial revenue. 



The district yields the usual produce of Java. The coffee-gardens 

 which it contains are for the most part cultivated by criminals who 

 are banished by sentences of the Dutch tribunals from different parts 

 of the island to this its eastern extremity, where they are forced to 

 labour for the profit of the government. The Dutch government 

 some years ago held out some encouragement to the European settlers 

 to cultivate the vine, the nutmeg, and clove in the province, but we 

 know not with what success. For a very long period the Chinese 

 settlers have cultivated vines with great care hi this and other parts 

 of Java, but hitherto the produce has only been converted into raisins, 

 which are consumed on the island. 



The volcanoes of Java all afford sulphur. The most abundant 

 supply is obtained from the Goonong-Marapi Mountain, and the purity 

 of the mineral which it yields is said to be such as to render it fit for 

 use without any refining process. The country in the immediate 

 neighbourhood of the mountain just named is uninhabited. 



(RafHes's History of Java ; Crawfurd's Indian Archipelago ; Count 

 Hogendorp's Coup d' (Eil mr title de Java.) 



BAPAUME. [PAS-DE-CALAIS.] 



BAR-LE-DUC, or BAR-SUR-ORNAIN, the capital formerly of the 

 duchy of Bar, now of the department of Mouse in France, stands on 

 the Ornain, a feeder of the Marne, at a distance of 144 miles E. from 

 Paris, in 48 46' N. lat., 5 10' E. long., and has a population of 12,526. 

 Bar is divided into an upper and a lower town. The upper town 

 stands on a hill above the Ornain ; it is the most ancient part of Bar, 

 and is well built, but very little business is done in it. In this part 



