".-I 



BARCELONNETTE. 



BAREILLY. 



vegetables, and the I'escaderia has a good supply of fish. The new 

 market called the Bocaria ia built on the site of the convent of San 

 Jose". There are 14 or 15 fondas, or hotels, and upwards of 60 caffs. 

 Notwithstanding the great size of Barcelona, it has nothing which 

 can properly be called a newspaper. There is a small Diario which 

 contains a marine list, the state of the weather, and advertisements. 

 There are a few Roman antiquities in the old city, consisting of 

 portions of archea, columns, and fragments of sculpture. 



Barcelona was formerly the chief commercial city and port of 

 Spain, but its importance in this respect has greatly diminished of 

 late years. The foreign trade is reduced to a mere trifle. Some 

 wines and brandies are shipped to Cuba, but little elsewhere. Thirty 

 or forty years ago as many as 600 or 700 British vessels have 

 entered the harbour in one year. In 1841 only 57 British vessels 

 entered with coal, iron, and machinery, and they all left in ballast, 

 some taking in wine, almonds, nuts, and fruits at Tarragona, others 

 at Mar.-ville and elsewhere. Only a few small vessels of all nations 

 are to be seen in the harbour. The manufacturing industry of the 

 inhabitants consists chiefly of cotton and woollen goods, but some 

 of these are more in appearance than reality, French and English 

 articles l:ing smuggled, and sold by the manufacturers as their own 

 productions. The manufactures of cutlery and fire-arms, formerly 

 important, are now comparatively trifling. 



The suburb of liarcdoneta is inhabited chiefly by persons connected 

 with the manufactures and trades connected with shipping. The 

 population is now about 10,000. It is regularly built, the houses of 

 brick, one or two stories high. It is situated south-east of the city, 

 a short distance from the Muralla del Mar, and near the entrance to 

 the mole. It was commenced in 1754 by the Marques de la Mina, 

 who was then capitan-general of Cataluna. 



The environs of Barcelona are very picturesque, and abound in 

 beautiful promenades. There are many villages and villas, and 

 numerous gardens and well-cultivated fields which are hedged round 

 with American aloes, and planted with olives, orange-trees, vines, and 

 other trees and shrubs of warm climates. 



By the Greek and Roman writers Barcelona was named Bapxtvuv 

 (Ptol. ii. 6, 8), Barceno (' Itin. Ant.' pp. 390, 398), Barcdo (Avion. 

 'Or. Mar.' 520), and Barcelona ('Geog. Rav.' iv. 42, v. 3), which last 

 name it retains. It is said to have been founded 400 years before 

 the building of Rome; and to have been re-founded B.C. 235 by 

 Hamilcar Barcas, from whom the name is derived. (Oros. vii. 143.) 

 It continued to be a Carthaginian colony till B.C. 206, when the 

 Carthaginians were expelled from Spain. Under the Romans it was 

 a colony, ' Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino." It was 

 taken about A.D. 411 by the Goths. In 718 the Moors obtained it by 

 capitulation and held it till 801, when it capitulated to Charlemagne, 

 who with his son Louis le Debonnaire had besieged it in aid of the 

 Catalonians. It was taken and retaken three or four times by Moors 

 and Christians ; but finally established its independence about 984, 

 when the greater part of Catuluna was formed into an independent 

 sovereignty, having the title of Condado de Barcelona. In this state 

 it continued till 1137, when the Conde de Barcelona was betrothed 

 to Pctronila, the infant queen of Aragon, and governed that kingdom 

 as Principe de Aragou. His son Alfonso II. succeeded him in 1162 

 M king of Aragon, and Cataluna was thenceforth included in the 

 kingdom of Aragon. [ARAOON.] The fueros, or municipal privileges, 

 of Barcelona were secured by decrees of successive kings of Aragon 

 anil Spain, and were such as almost to make it a sovereign state. 

 The municipal government consisted of a council of 100 selected 

 from the merchants, tradesmen, and mechanics, and a body of six 

 councillors, the former entrusted with the legislative functions of 

 government, the latter with the executive. They made treaties with 

 foreign powers, granted letters of reprisal, and raised funds for the 

 construction of useful works and for commercial speculations too 

 hazardous for private enterprise. (Prescott's ' Ferdinand and Isabella,' 

 Tol. i. p. 82.) 



In the middle ages Barcelona became one of the most flourishing 

 cities aud seaports of Europe, the rival of Genoa in the Mediterranean 

 nd the depot where Christian Spain received the commodities 

 of the East. After the conquest of America it became a great 

 magazine where woollen and silk goods, fire-arms and cutlery, 

 together with many other articles of manufacture, were prepnm! 

 for the Spanish colonies. In the war of succession Barcelona adhered 

 to the archduke of Austria. The castle of Monjuich was surprised 

 and takrn by I,ord Peterborough October 9th, 1705, and Barcelona 

 surrendered to him Sept. 13th, 1706. It was besieged in 1713. In 1714 

 Marshal Berwick reinforced the besiegers with 20,000 French soldiers, 

 and took the city by assault September 12th. When Philip V. of 

 France prevailed over the Austrian)) Barcelona was deprived of all 

 ita fueros. It was again reduced under French domination during 

 Napoleon's invasion of the Peninsula. In 1834 it opposed Christina ; 

 in 1840 it declared for Espartero, in 1841 it declared against him, 

 and in 1842 he bombarded it. 



(Capmani, Mf mortal tobre la Marina, Comercio,' y A rte de Barce- 

 lona; Ford's Handbook of Spain ; Madoz, Diccionario de Etpana ; 

 Havrty'a Wanderinyi in Kjmin, 1843 ; Hoskins's Spain at it it, 1851.) 



BARCELONNETTE. [Ar.i KM, BASSES.] 



UAKCELONNETTE-UE-VITROLLES. [ALI-H, HAUTES.] 



BARDSEY, a small island in the Irish Sea belonging to Caernar- 

 vonshire in North Wales, near the north point of Cardigan Bay. Its 

 distance from the nearest point of the promontory of Braich y Pwll 

 in Caernarvonshire is about 2^ miles ; its ^length is somewhat more 

 than 2 miles, its breadth about 1 mile, comprising about 370 acres of 

 land, of which nearly a third is occupied by a mountainous ridge, 

 which only affords food for a few sheep and rabbits. The population 

 in 1851 was 92, of whom 46 were males and 46 females. The island is 

 sheltered on the north and north-east by the ridge just mentioned, the 

 sea-front of which presents perpendicular and projecting clift's, in 

 which the hazardous trade of taking eggs by the adventurer being 

 let down by a rope from the top of the cliff is practised, during the 

 resort of puffins and other migratory birds in the spring season. 

 Samphire is gathered here. Bardsey is only accessible to the mariner 

 ou the south-east side, where there is a small well-sheltered harbour 

 capable of admitting vessels of 30 or 40 tons burden. The soil of the 

 island is chiefly argillaceous, and is tolerably fertile, producing 

 excellent barley. A lighthouse was erected on the island in 1821. 



The present name of the island is thought to be derived from its 

 having formed a refuge for the bards. It was also called the Isle of 

 Saints and Ynis Enlli, or the Island of the Current, on account of 

 the rapid current which sets in between it and the mainland, and 

 which renders the passage difficult and rather unsafe. The name of 

 ' Isle of Saints ' is said to have arisen from the circumstance that 

 after the massacre at Bangor the surviving monks fled hither for 

 refuge. It is certain that Bardsey became at an early period a seat of 

 religious recluses. A religious house probably existed here prior to 

 516, when Dubricius, archbishop of Caerleou, having resigned his 

 archbishopric, retired to Bardsey. The monks of Bardsey abbey are 

 stated in monkish legends to have enjoyed, while they continued 

 virtuous, the peculiar privilege of dying in regular succession, the 

 oldest going first, so that it was always known whose turn would be 

 next ; but this privilege was withdrawn when they became corrupt. 

 The site of the abbey is now only discoverable by numerous graves 

 lined with stone. There are some slight remains of an ecclesiastical 

 character, of which the principal is a singular ruined chapel or oratory 

 consisting of a long vaulted room with an insulated stone altar near 

 the east end. On Sundays, in bad weather, one of the inhabitants 

 reads the liturgy in this chapel to the rest ; but the regular parochial 

 duties are performed at the parish church of Aberdarou on the 

 opposite promontory. 



(Pennant's Tour in Walei ; Bingley's North Wales; Parry's Cambrian 

 Mirror ; Dugdale's Monaiticon.) 



BARDSTOWN. [KENTUCKY.] 



BAREGES. [PYRENEES, HAUTES.] 



BAREI'LLY, an extensive district in Hindustan in the province of 

 Delhi. This district formed part of Rohilcund previous to the con- 

 quest of that country in 1774, by the British acting in the name of 

 Shuja ud Dowlah, vizier of Oude. In 1801 the district of Bareilly 

 was ceded to the East India Company by the vizier, afterwards king of 

 Oude, in return for pecuniary and military aid. This change of 

 ownership has been advantageous to the district in many ways. 

 Bareilly is now again included in the Rohilcund province. In 1846 

 it contained 3281 townships, with a population of about one million. 



Bareilly is bounded N. by the Kumaon hills, S. and E. by the 

 remaining territory of the king of Oude, and W. by Mooradabad, 

 Allighur, and Furruckabad. In the Institutes of Akbar this district 

 is described under the name of Budayoon : its name before tho 

 conquest by the Rohillas was Kuthair. 



The district is for the most part level, and being abundantly 

 watered by the Ganges, which forms its boundary to the west, and by 

 many small streams, the soil is generally productive. The vegetable 

 productions are the same as are usually cultivated in the northern 

 parts of Hindustan ; with the addition of a kind of scented rice, 

 called basmati. The heat of the district in summer is excessive; 

 while the thermometer sometimes descends below the freezing point 

 in winter. 



The district contains several considerable towns. These are, in 

 addition to Bareilly the capital, Budayoon, Chundowsy, Chilkeah, 

 Chaudpoor, Pillibeet, Rampoor, and Shahjehanpoor. 



Budayoon, situated in 28 5' N. lat., 79 6' E. long., is a very ancient 

 place. It was a flourishing town when conquered by the Mohamme- 

 dans in 1203, and is so mentioned by Abul Fazl ; but it is no longer 

 of any importance. Chundowsy, in 28 26' N. lat., 78 44' E. long., 

 carried on a great trade in salt before the cession of the district to the 

 English. C/iilkeak, in 29 24' N. lat., 79 5' E. long., is a place of im- 

 portance as one of the principal marts of trade with Kumaon, and 

 through that district with Tibet and Tartary. A kind of fair is held 

 here at certain seasons of the year, when temporary huts or booths 

 are erected, in which are exposed for sale English woollen and cotton 

 cloths, and shawls the product of Indian looms. Chaudpoor, in 

 29 11' N. lat., 78 16' E. long., is a place of great trade with the 

 countries to the north, and contains several wealthy inhabitants. A 

 tank to which great sanctity is attributed is the cause of many Hindoo 

 pilgrims visiting this town, which likewise contains several temples. 

 PWbeet, in 28" 38' N. lat., 79 42' E. long., is built on the banks of 

 the Gurrah, which is navigable only during the rainy season. This 

 town carried on a considerable trade previous to its cession to the 



