HAIUOLS. 



BAKKISO. 



Byzantine empire for nearly two centuries, and then wu taken by the 

 Norman under Robert Guiscard, whose yoke was borne very impa- 

 tiently. In the ca*tle of Bari Duke Louis of Anjou died in 1384, and 

 Qunen Bona Sforta in 1557. 



B \IUOLS. [VAB.1 



BAKKAU or JKHKL BARKAL, a remarkable isolated sandstone- 

 rock in Nubia, about a mile from the right bank of the Nile, in 18 81' 

 N. lat, 31 ' 46' E. long. Tho rock rises abruptly on all sides, and quite 

 perpendicularly on the side towards the river to the height of nearly 

 tOO feet, forming a wide plateau at the summit. Its circumference 

 at the base in about 25 minutes' walk. The remains of several 

 great temples lie between the mountain and the river. The most 

 remarkable are the one called the Typhonium, and the Great Temple. 

 The Typhonium, the best preserved of all, was dedicated to Typhon, 

 or the evil genius, as appears from several figures of Typhon still 

 remaining. The temple is 108 feet in length, its entrance faces the 

 south-south-east. The fore port of the temple is n regular construction, 

 and the further or inner part is excavated in the rock itself. In the 

 first hall or vestibule are eight pillars with figures of Typhon, four on 

 each side, forming the central avenue or aisle leading to a second 

 chamber, which was covered by a stone roof supported by eight 

 pillars with Iain-headed capitals. The pillars ore 34 feet in diameter 

 and 1 8 feet high. The third chamber or cella as well as the sanctuary 

 beyond it, and also two lateral chambers, are excavated in the rock. 

 Two more Typhon columns support the roof of the cella. The walls 

 are adorned with hieroglyphics and figures of gods and kings in 

 high relief. 



The Great Temple, which is one of the largest monuments in Nubia, 

 lies north-east of the Typhonium, and is at some distance from the 

 rock ; it is divided into hall* or chambers, and was entirely a con- 

 structed edifice ; but the walls ate now a heap of ruins, and the bases 

 and fragments only of its 78 pillars are discernible. Two enormous 

 propyla, each 65 French feet long and nearly 40 feet in thickness, form 

 the front of the temple; the entrance between them is 13 feet wide, 

 The first or outer hall is 126 feet long and somewhat less in width, 

 the lateral walls are 7 feet thick. The second hall is 146 feet long 

 and 85 feet wide. The third chamber is 53 feet long and 41 feet wide, 

 and it was separated by partition walls from two lateral chambers of 

 mailer dimensions. The middle chamber has two rows of 5 pillars 

 each, with as many sculptured square stones, one between each two 

 pillars and which Riippel believes to have been votive altars. A 

 passage 13 feet wide leads from this chamber into the next. It is 36 feet 

 square and also stands between two lateral chambers. At the farthest 

 end facing the entrance is an altar of gray granite 4 feet 9 inches 

 square at the base, of which the sides are beautifully sculptured. 

 Behind the granite altar U a narrow opening which leads into various 

 small chambers communicating with each other. These formed the 

 farthest extremity of the building, the whole length of which is 

 nearly 500 feet according to Riippel, in a line south-east by south and 

 north-west by north, the front being to the south-east. The lateral 

 walls looking towards the north-east are thicker than those on the 

 opposite side. 



Near the Typhonium and the Great Temple are the remains of 

 several other temples, and of another building made of brick, 

 fragment! of the lower ""II of which are seen about 2 feet above the 

 ground. Before the northern entrance of this building, two fine lions 

 of red granite were found reclining at full length and looking towards 

 each other. They are about 7 feet in length. One of the two was 

 broken into several pieces when first seen in 1820. These two linns 

 were brought from Barkal by Lord Prudhoe, in the year 1882, 

 and they are now placed in the Egyptian Room in the British 

 Museum. The material is a flesh-coloured granite, and the execution 

 pomeasea a high degree of merit. Both of the lions are in a reclining 

 posture, one lying on his right side and the other on the left 



At a Quarter of an hour's distance from Mount Barkal, and both to 

 the north-west and south-west of it, are two groups of small pyramids 

 of various sires, many of them in good preservation. The largest of 

 those which are entire is about 40 feet high. Several of them have 

 small exterior temples attached to one side, with an outer door and 

 an inner one walled up, leading apparently into the interior of the 

 pyramid. The interior walls of these temples are ornamented with 

 hieroglyphics and representations of apotheoses, Ac. The roofs of 

 the temple* are flat, except one which is arched. They are probably 

 sepulchral monuments, and may have formed part of the Necropolis 

 of Nanata, the ancient Ethiopian city which some suppose to have 

 stood near this place. With regard to the great temples, Uiippel 

 ascribes most of them to the age of Ethiopian greatness, after that 

 nation had conquered Egypt, or about the 8th century before Christ. 



The first European traveller who visited these ruins was Mr. 

 WaiLlington ; he was followed by Cailliaud in 1821 ; and Caillinn.l 

 was followed by Dr. Uup|>cl in 1824-5, who has given a very minute 

 description of them, fmm which the above details are mainly taken. 



(WafMiagton's and HanburVs Vttit to Kkiopin ; Cailliaud r s Voyage 

 * Mmf; Uuppel's Kcutn in A'Mm, AWo/on, *nd PctrHueke* 

 Arabic*.) 



':KIXO, Essex, a town in the parish of Barking and liun<li>-.l ..f 

 Becontree, about Smile* K. from London. The circumference of Bark- 

 ing pan* about 80 miles ; it contain* 10,170acre, of which 7850 acres 



are cultivated hind. About 1500 acres belong to Hainnult Forest, 

 which included within its limits the well-known Fairlop Oak, ui.< 

 shade of which a fair was held on the first Friday in July : the oak 

 has perished and the fair has now ceased, an order 1< 

 appeared conveying the intimation that after Friday, July let. 

 Fairlop fair will no longer be allowed to be held in Hainault 

 Forest In 1836 the parish was divided into the two separate 

 ecclesiastical parishes of Barking and Great llford, and shortly after- 

 wards an additional chapelry was formed in Great llford com], 

 the district of Barking-side ; but for civil purpose* the win. 1<- 

 regarded as one parish. The population of the town of Hart. 

 1851 was 4930 ; that of the entire parish was 9888, exclu 

 persons engaged in the deep-sea fishery. The living of Harking is a 

 vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of L<.i 



The name of the place is written Bartthiny, Hir,tin;i, liirl-y: 

 old records; and some antiquaries derive it from liunjh-in<j- '(! 

 fortification in the meadow.' Some considerable intrenchmeuta of a 

 square form and apparently Roman are still visible in the fields north 

 of the present town. The importance which Barking acquired was 

 owing to its celebrated abbey. This abbey, originally dedicated to 

 the Virgin Mary, is said to have been the richest nunnery and the 

 oldest foundation in England ; but this is an error, as Folkestone 

 nunnery in Kent was founded many years before ; an.l both Shaftm- 

 bury and Syon nunneries were possessed of larger revenues. Barking 

 Abbey was founded about the year 677, in the reigns of Sebba and 

 Sighere, kings of the East Saxons, by St. Krkenwold, bishop of London, 

 at the instance of his sister Ethelburga, who was appointed the first 

 abbess. This lady and several of the following abbesses were 

 canonised after death. In 870 the abbey was burnt to the groi, 

 the Danes, and the nuns were killed or dispersed. I'.riiiL- within the 

 territories ceded by Alfred to Godrun the Danish king, it lay desolate 

 until the middle of the 10th century, when it was rebuilt and restored 

 to all its former splendour by King Edgar, the great founder and 

 restorer of religious houses. Some historians state that at the 

 Norman conquest the Conqueror retired to this abbey soon aft. 

 arrival in England, and remained there until the completion of iho 

 fortress which he had begun in London. In subsequent tim- 

 government of the abbey was sometimes assumed by the qu< 

 England, and ladies of royal or noble blood are frequently found 

 occupying the office of abbess. In 1377 the convent petitioned to be 

 excused from contributing an aid to the king at the time of a 

 threatened invasion, on account of the expenses which they had been 

 obliged to incur in repairing the great damages occasioned by a 

 terrible inundation which in the preceding year hod broken down t ] 

 bonks of the Thames at Dagenham ; a similar statement wo* 

 made at subsequent periods, and in 1410 it is stated that the re\ 

 of the convent were so much impaired in consequence of tin. rx]H'iidi- 

 ture made necessary by inundations, that none of the ladies had 

 more than fourteen shillings a year for clothes and necessaries. 



A considerable extent of ground called the Level, near the Thames, 

 lies very low, so that in high tides the water is higher than this land, 

 and would overflow it if not kept out by embankments. It is not easy 

 to learn when an embankment was originally fonned, but it appears 

 that the abbess of Barking was obliged to keep it up; nml in ..: 

 assist her in performing the duty, she received the pi irting 



wood from the forest by the tenants of Barking and Dagenham, for 

 the repair of the breaches of the embankment. In 1707 a breach was 

 made by a high tide which occasioned the loss of 1000 acres of rii-h 

 land, and a sand-bank was formed at the mouth of the breach which 

 reached almost half-way acrossthe river, and was nearly a mile in I . 

 The proprietors spent more than the hind was worth in rn.l. :u 

 to recover it and then applied to Parliament, which took up the i 

 as a public concern; and after the failure of another party in tin: 

 attempt a Captain Perry engaged to close the breach, make go. 

 embankments, and remove the sandbank, for the sum of 25.000/. I ! 

 completed this engagement at the end of five years, but .> 

 of 15,001V. beyond bis estimate, which was however afterwards made 

 good to him by Parliament. The whole bank is now kept in H very 

 complete state of repair under the superintendence of rommimoner*. 

 The bank is from 8 to 14 feet in height, and a path extends along 

 the top for the whole distance. 



The nuns of Barking were of the Benedictine order. The abbess. 

 was appointed by the king until about the year 1200, when, by the 

 interference of the pope, the election wan vested in the convent, and 

 confirmed by the royal authority. The abbess of Barking was one of 

 the four who wore baronesses in right of their station ; for 

 possessed of thirteen knights' fees and a half, she held her Inn 

 the king as a barony; and though her sex prevented her from having 

 a seat in Parliament or attending the king in the wars, yet she always 

 furnished her quota of men and had precedence over other abbesses. 

 In her convent she lived in great state : her household constated of 

 chaplains, an esquire, gentlemen, gentlewomen, yeomen, grooms, a 

 clerk, a yeoman-cook, a groom-cook, a pudding-wife, Ac. The last 

 abbess was Dorothy Barley, who had a pension of 133/. 6. /. |.< 

 annum settled on her when the convent was surrendered to 1 

 VI 1 1. in 1539: smaller pensions were also given to the nuns, then 

 thirty in number. At that time their gross revenue wan vain 

 the sum of 10841. G. 24<i, their net revenue being 6021. li-. -,<<. 



